FRENCH GRAMMAR 



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Chas, P. DuCfoquet 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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Chap. Copyright No. 



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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



EDUCATIONAL FRENCH BOOKS 



BY 



Chas. P. DuCroquet. 



College Preparatory French Grammar 1.25 

The most practical Grammar yet published. 
Le francais par la Conversation 1.00 

With this book, the conversation in French is made easy 
and interesting in the class room, and progress is sure 
and rapid. A few of the prettiest French songs with 
music have been given at the end of the book. 

Conversation des Enfants 0. 75 

Written especially for American children who do not 
know any French. The young pupils will be made to 
converse in French from the beginning, and with every 
lesson will progress little by little, but surely and con- 
stantly and without much effort. 

First Lessons in French Conversation, Recitation and 
Reading 1 , with separate Vocabularies for each 
reiding 1.00 

As the title indicates, this book contains interesting 
material for Conversation, for Reading and a few care- 
fully selected pieces of poetry for Recitation, making 
thus three books in one. 

French Verbs in a few lessons 0. 35 

Easy, concise and thorough method for learning the 
French Verbs, regular and irregular. 
Blanks for the Conjugation of French Verbs, about 65 

blanks in a tablet Per tablet 0.30 

These blanks, besides saving more than half the time 
otherwise necessary in writing verbs, cause more uni- 
formity in the class work, and make it easier for the 
pupil to understand his work. 



AN 



ELEMENTARY 



FRENCH GRAMMAR 



BY 



Chas. P. DuCroquet, 



Author of A French Grammar; Le Francais par la Conversation; 
Conversation des Enfants, etc. 




NEW YORK: 
WILLIAM R. JENKINS, 
EDITEUR ET LIBRAIRE FRANQAIS, 
851 and 853 Sixth Avenue 

Boston: Carl Schoenhof, 



h 



TCs.1" 



Copyright, 1896, by William R. Jenkins. 
Ail Rights Hesei-ved. 



Printed by the 

Press of William R. Jenkins, 

New York. 



PEEFACE. 



It is hoped this work will be found most practical, 
especially in the class-room, because of its simple, 
clear and concise arrangement. It is divided into two 
parts: 1° First Exercises; 2° Elementary Grammar. 

In the First Part, the beginner becomes acquainted 
with the essentials of French Grammar and, at the 
same time, with many of the words and expressions 
of every-day conversation. 

The Second Part is a systematic review of the 
Grammar presented in such order and arrangement 
as will materially aid the student in clearly remem- 
bering the fundamental rules of the language. 

The Exercises in both parts are progressive and 
will supply practice in French composition quite suffi- 
cient for any elementary purpose. 

The pupil should not be allowed to pass a lesson 
until it is thoroughly understood. The memorizing 
of the principal rules and forms of the language is not 
enough; wha.t is more important is a conscious knowledge 
of them, a knowledge only acquired through practice, 
especially by the oral and written translations of 
exercises. 






PREFACE. 

For adults or advanced students beginning French 
oral translations of many of the Exercises will be suffi- 
cient, the most difficult only requiring written transla- 
tions. In this way the Elementary Grammar will be 
mastered in a comparatively short time and then, 
without much difficulty, easy French can be intel- 
ligently read. 

A General Vocabulary is added for the conven- 
ience of the student. 

The Author. 



CONTENTS, 



INTRODUCTION. 

Page. 

The Alphabet 3 

Pronunciation 4 

Accents and other orthographic signs 5 

Exercice de prononciation 6 

PART I. 

First Exercises 7 to 10 

PART II. 

ARTICLE. 

Definite, indefinite and partitive 103 

Elision, 103 ; contraction 105 

Use of de instead of du, de la, des 104 

NOUN. 

Plural of nouns and adjectives 106 

Principal exceptions 107 

ADJECTIVE AND PRONOUN. 

Feminine of adjectives 108 

Principal exceptions 107 

Comparison 110 

Position of adjectives Ill 

Demonstrative adjective 112 

Demonstrative pronouns 113 

Possessive adjectives 114 

Possessive pronouns 115 

Relative pronouns 116 



II CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Interrogative adjectives and pronouns 117 

Personal pronouns : disjunctive 118 

" " conjunctive 119 

Place of conjunctive pronouns 119 

Order of object pronouns 120 

Use of il est and c'est . .'. 121 

Indefinite adjectives and pronouns . . . 122 

Numeral adjectives 123 

Adverbs , , 124 

Negatives 125 

VERBS. 

Tenses in the grammatical order 129 

Avoir 130 

Etre 131 

Donner 132 

Finir..., 133 

Recevoir 134 

Tendre 135 

Remarks on the conjugation 136 

Orthographic changes , 138 

Different sorts of verbs 139 

Pronominal verbs 140 

Passive verbs 141 

Impersonal verbs 141 

Irregular verbs in er 142 

Irregular verbs in ir, oir, re 143 to 163 

Subjunctive 164 

Past Participle 166 

List of adverbs 167 

List of prepositions 168 

List of conjunctions. 169 

List of interjections 169 

Remarks on a few adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions 170 

Exercises on verbs, subjunctive and past participle 171 to 182 

Additional Exercises 183 to 187 

General Vocabulary 189 to 259 



CONTENTS. 



u; 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

Page. 

Numerals 51 

Days and months 53 

Dale 54 

How to tell the time 56 

Speaking of the weather. 58 

Adjectives changing their meaning according to position 127 

Nouns changing their meaning according to gender 127 

Feminine of nouns and adjectives in eur 120 

Idioms with avoir 128 

LIST OP IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Most of the derivatives will be found with the primitive verbs. 



Page. 

absoudre 162 

acquerir 148 

aller 142 

assaillir 146 

asseoir (s') 150 

^attre 156 

boire 163 

bouillir 145 

ceindre 154 

conclure 157 

concevoir 134 

conduire 154 

confire 161 

connaitre 159 

contraindre 154 

coudre ... . , 156 

courir „ 147 

couvrir , 146 

craindre 154 

croire 163 

croitre 159 

cueillir 146 



Page. 

cuire 154 

devoir 134 

dire 160 

dormir 145 

ecrire 158 

envoyer 142 

faire 160 

falloir 153 

feindre 154 

fuir 148 

joindre 154 

instruire 154 

lire 161 

luire 154 

maudire 160 

mentir 145 

mettre 157 

moudre 162 

mourir 149 

mouvoir 152 

naitre 159 

nuire 154 



IV 



CONTENTS'. 



Page. 

off rir 146 

ouvrir 146 

paitre 159 

paraitre 159 

partir 145 

peindre. 154 

plaindre 154 

plaire 161 

pleuvoir 151 

prendre 155 

pourvoir 151 

pou voir 152 

repentir (se) 145 

resoudre 162 

rire 157 

savoir 151 

sentir 145 



Page. 

servir 145 

sortir 145 

souff rir 1 46 

suivre 58 

suffire 161 

taire 161 

teindre 154 

tenir 149 

traire 162 

tressaillir 146 

valoir 153 

vainere 156 

venir 149 

vetir 147 

vivre 158 

voir 151 

vouloir 153 



INTRODUCTION. 



ALPHABET. 

The Pronunciation should be learned from a competent 
teacher as the sounds can only be approximative in writing. 





NAME. 


PRONUNC. 




NAME. 


PEONUNC. 


A 


ah 


ah 











B 


bey 


be 


P 


pey 


pe 


C 


sey 


se 


Q 


ku 


ke 


D 


dey 


de 


R 


err 


re 


E 


eh 


e 


S 


ess 


se 


F 


eff 


fe 


T 


tey 


te 


G 


jey 


ghe 


U 


u 


u 


H 


ash 


— 


V 


vey 


ve 


I 


ee 


ee 


X 


ix 


kse 


J 


jee 


Je 


Y 


ee grec 


ee 


K 


kah 


ke 


Z 


zed 


ze 


L 


ell 


le 


w 


double v 


— 


M 


emm 


me 


(E 


oeh 


e 


N 


enn 


ne 









REMARKS. 

1. J is sounded like z in azure, or s in pleasure. 

2. U is sounded like the German u. There is no such sound 
in English. 

3. E in the third column is nearly like e in flattery ; 
ee like ee in see. 

4. W is pronounced like v in German words, and like the 
English w in English words. 



INTRODUCTION. 

PRONUNCIATION. 



VOWELS. 




wels are : a, e, i, o, u, y. 




o e i u ou 


eu 


dodo, bebe, ici, bu, joujou, 
dors, pere, — — — 
bonbon, — vin, brun, — 


heureux. 
heure. 



Ordinary sound: papa, 

Open sound: 

Nasal sound: enfant, 



oi=0A. Ex. : moi, mois, voici, vois, voyez (y=ii). 

oin=o-iN. Ex. : moins, loin, foin, coin, point, soin. 

e and es at the end of a word are silent, except in monosyllables. 
Ex. : Elle ne me voit pas. Je les vois. 

e, at the end of a syllable (not of a word) is nearly pronounced 
like e in err, but not so open, it is ordinarily silent in conver- 
sation and in familiar reading. Ex. : Lever, mon petit ami. 

e, not at the end of a syllable, is pronounced like e and some- 
times like e. Ex. : Vous aimez a chanter ; ehercher. 

ent, ending the third person plural of a verb, is silent. Ex. : II 
est content ; ils content ; il consent, ils consented. 

The vowel-sounds may be long or short. Ex. : ami, time ; sucre, 
Mte; louable, gowter; petite amk 

CONSONANTS. 

They are generally pronounced as marked in the Alphabet. 
Notice the following remarks. 

C=C before e, i or y.— Ceci, Cesar, Cyrus, Ciceron. 
C=K before other letters.*— Calcul, coeur, clair, credit. 
G=J before e, i or y— Georges, juger, Gilbert. 
G=GH before other letters.— Gorge, gloire, Gregoire. 
S=Z between two vowels or in a liaison\ — Oiseau, mes amis. 
T=C j n many words ending in tion, tial, tiel, tieux, tient. 
L=Y (y in yet, lawyer) in many words. — Lafamz'ZZe, le soleil. 



* n =g- in second and derivatives : seconder, secondement, etc. 

t S=Z by exception in Alsace, Israel, transiger, svelte, balsamique, etc. 



INTRODUCTION. 5 

CH== gH {sh in she)*— Chat, chercher, chocolat. 

GN=NI (ni in union). t— Compagnon, ignorant, seigneur. 

PH=F .— Le philosophe, le prophete, phosphate, phthisic 

QU=K (u is silent). J—Quatre, qui, que, quality quelqu'un. 

H is not pronounced. It is called silent in some words and 
aspirate in others. When aspirate, it prevents the elision as 
well as the linking of the preceding word.— Ex. : L'homme, 
les homines; le hameau, les hameaux. Le hasard seul ne fait 

pas les heros. 

LINKING OF WORDS. 

The final consonant of a word is generally sounded with the 
following word, when the latter begins with a vowel or a 
silent h, and the sense does not allow any stop between them. 

In a liaison, s and x are sounded like z, d like £,/like v. 

Vous avez des amis. C'est un grand honmie. Vous et moi ; 
yous et elle ; lui et elle. (The t of et is always silent.) 

ORTHOGRAPHIC SIGNS. 

(/") Accent aigu, acute accent :— ete, verity parle\ 
(<) Accent grave, grave accent :— pere, mere, a, ou. 
(A) Accent circonflexe, circumflex :— t6te, etes, du. 
( » ) Apostrophe, apostrophe ;— l'enfant, l'homme. 
(b) Cedille, cedilla :— garcon, tracons, tracant, recu. 
(••) Trema, diasresis :— nalif, halir, aigu, aigue. 
(-) Trait d'union, hyphen :— avez-vous, a-t-il, dix-huit. 
( ) Parenthese, parenthesis. 
(o) Guillemets, inverted commas. 

PUNCTUATION. 

Point ( . ), virgule ( , ), point et virgule ( ; ), deux points ( : ), 
point ^interrogation (?), point d'exclamation ( ! ), points de 
suspensions ( ) 

*CH=K in echos, chaos, chmur, cholera, orchestre, Chretien, chr ; in 

Mic~hel-Anae and other Italian words. 

+ Sn=GH-N in stagnant, ignee, diagnostique, le magnat. inexpugnable, etc. 

I oU=KOU in aquarelle, equateur, equation, quadrupede, etc 

Qtt=KU in equation, equestre, quintuple, etc. (=K in equitable, equiva- 
lent, etc.). 



INTRODUCTION. 
EXERCICE DE PRONONCIATION. 



Papa, Paris, Canada, malade, madame, table. 
Enfant, en dansant, content, (ils content). 
Bebe, ete, th6, aim6, aiinez, peine, je sais, et. 
Cher pere, chere mere, le fer, chercher, est. 
Ici, difficile, inutile, lire, rire, immense, inquiet. 
Dodo, echo, beau, nos, vos, rose, chose, le votre. 
Dors, il dort, le port, la porte, l'homme, votre. 
Bonbon, mon, ton, son, commencons, on a. 
Bu, lu, vu, du, du, lui, fus, fui, su, jus, j'eus. 
Brun, lundi, parfum, chacun, un, un ami. 
Joujou, tou jours, amour, pour, vous, joue, jouis. 
Heureux, heureuse, peu, feu ; — le, de, ce, je, ne. 
Heure, bonheur, soeur, coeur, docteur, jeune. 
Moi, toi, soi, soie, voir, mois; — moins, loin, joint. 

Ceci, cire, cygne, cascade, concert, concu, croix. 
Gare, gorge, George, gigot, long, longue, gros. 
Son, sa, ses, assis, maison, oiseau, poison, poisson. 
Ton, ta, tes, th(3, nous portions, une portion. 
L*e lilas, bel, belle, famille, fllle, soleil, bail. 
Seigneur, magnifique, digne, ignorer, montagne. 
Chercher, le chat, le chien, lache, Tage, chr^tien. 
Qui, que, quoi, quand, quatre, quart, coq. 
L'homme, les hommes, le heros, les heros. 



P^FtT I. 



FIRST EXERCISES 



1. 



In French there is no neuter gender ; all nouns are either 
masculine or feminine. 

A or an is translated by nil with a masculine noun ; line 
with a feminine noun. 






\J^ 



(j-\ — ' mon pere, my father 
ma mere, my mother 
mon frere, my brother 
ma soeur, my sister 
un oncle, an uncle 
arte tanto, an aunt 
un cousin, a cousin 
une cousine, a cousin 
oui, yes; non, no 






mon livre, my book , 

mon cahier, my copybook QyU 



AA< 



0- 



M 



ma plumi, my pen 
mon crayon, my pencil 
ma regie, my ruler 
un jardin, a garden 
une maison, a house 
et, and; aussi, also, too 
de, of, from; a, to, at 






6 A 



1. Mon pere et ma m&re ; mon oncle et ma tante. 2. Un 
ir§re et une soeur ; un cousin et une cousine. 3. Mon crayon 
et ma plume ; mon livre et mon cahier. 4. Un livre de mon 
cousin, un cahier de ma cousine. 5. Une maison de mon 
oncle ; un jardin de mon pere. 6. Louise, de Louise, a Louise ; 
Marie, de Marie, a Marie. 7. Mon cousin, de mon cousin, a 
mon cousin. 8. Ma cousine, de ma cousine, a, ma cousine. 
'9. Mon oncle, ma tante et ma cousine Elise. 10. Mon frere, 
ma soeur et ma cousine Marguerite ; mon cousin Henri aussi. 



8 FIRST EXERCISES. 

1. My uncle and niy aunt ; niy cousin Louise and my cou- 
sin Henry. 2. My brother and also niy sister ; my father and 
my mother too. 3. A book and a copybook ; a pencil, a pen 
and a ruler. 4. My house and my garden; a house of my 
father. 5. A house of my uncle and a garden of my aunt. 
6. A brother of my cousin Louise, and a sister of my cousin 
Henry. 7. A book and a pencil of my cousin Elise. 8. Mar- 
guerite, of Marguerite, to Marguerite. 9. My cousin Mary, of 
my cousin Mary, to my cousin Mary. 10. An uncle and an 
aunt of my cousin Henry. 



2. 



The Present (Indicative) of avoir, to have, 

&&> 

f ai, I have nous avons, 

f tu as, thou hast vous avez, 

f il a, he has /"ils ont, 

\elle a, she has y elles out, 

j'ai eu, I have had, or I had. 



we have 
you have 
they have 
they have 



votre pere, your father 
votre mere your mother 
un ami, a friend 
une amie, a friend 
j'ai vu, 1 have seen 
j'ai lu, / have read 
j'ai achete, I have bought 
j'ai donne, I have given 
j'ai parle, I have spoken 



j'ai dormi, I have slept 
dejeune, breakfasted 
dine, eaten dinner, dined 
mange, eaten 
bu, drunk 
tres bien, very well 
merci, thank you 
avec, with 
pour, for 



1. J'ai un pere et une mere; j'ai aussi un frere et une soeur. 
2. II a un oncle et une tante ; il a aussi un cousin et une cou- 
sine. 3. Mon pere a une maison et un jardin. 4. Mon oncle 
a achete* une maison. 5. Ma soeur a achete un livre et un 
cahier. 6. J'ai un livre de ma soeur. 7. Ma soeur a donne* un 
livre a ma cousine Helene. 8. Nous avons vu votre mere et 



FIRST EXERCISES. 9 

votre soiur. 9. Nous avons parle" a votre soeur et a votre 
mere. 10. Elles ont achete* un livre, un crayon et une plume 
pour Henri. 11. Vous avez bien dormi? 12. Oui, merci; j'ai 
tres bien dormi. 13. Nous avons tres bien d6jeun6; nous 
avons d6jeun6 avec mon oncle et ma tante. 14. Mon cousin 
et ma cousine ont dine" avec nous. 

1. I have bought a book ; I have read my book. 2. I have 
given my book to my cousin Helen. 3. My mother has bought 
a copybook, a pencil and a pen. 4. She has given a pencil to 
my brother. 5. My father has spoken to your father and to 
your brother. (5. We have eaten dinner with your uncle and 
your aunt. 7. You have spoken with my brother, and I have 
spoken with your sister. 8. My father has bought a house 
for my sister ; he has also bought a garden. 9. Louise has 
breakfasted with my mother and my brother. 10. My mother 
has given a book to Louise and a ruler to Charles. 11. She 
has given a pen and a pencil to Henry. 12. Charles and 
Henry have read my book ; they have given my book to Mar- 
guerite. 13. Have you slept well? Yes, thank you; I have 
slept well. 14. Have you breakfasted well? Thank you; 
1 have breakfasted very Avell. 

3. 

There are two numbers, the singular and the plural. To 

form the plural of a noun add s to the singular; but nouns 
ending in s, x or z remain the same in the plural. 

mes freres, my brothers bonjour, good day, good morning 

mes soeurs, my sisters bonsoir, good evening I 

vos freres, your brothers bonne nuit, good night 

vos soeurs, your sisters Monsieur, Sir, Mr. 

un livre, a book Madame, Madam, Mrs. 

des livres, books, some books Mademoiselle, Miss 

une plume, a pen comment, how 

des plumes, pens, some pens allez-vous, do you, go {are you) 

mon cheri, my dear dormez bien, sleep ivell 



10 FIRST EXERCISES. 

1. J'ai un livre, une plume et un crayon ; tu as des livres, 
des plumes et des crayons. 2. II a un f rere et une soeur ; il a 
aussi des amis. 3. Elle a des livres et des amies ; j'ai donne" 
des livres a vos amies. 4. Nous avons vu votre frere et vos 
sceurs. 5. Nous avons parle a vos cousins et a vos cousines. 

6. Vous avez achete des cahiers, des plumes et des crayons. 

7. Vous avez donne une regie et des crayons a mon cousin 
Henri. 8. Votre cousin et votre cousine ont dine avec nous. 

9. Papa a achete des maisons et des jardins. 10. Maman a 
parle avec vos amies ; elle a parle de votre f r§re et de votre 
soeur Marguerite. 11. Bonjour Henri, comment allez-vous? 
Tr&s bien, merci; et vous? 12. Avez-vous bien dormi? Merci, 
j'ai tres bien dormi. 

1. Have you seen my sister? Yes, I have seen your sister 
with my sisters. 2. Your brother has spoken to my brothers. 
3. My sisters have spoken to your sisters. 4. I have a friend ; 
he has read my books. 5. I have a friend too; she also has 
my books. 6. Louise, I have bought some books and some 
copybooks for you. Thank you, mamma. 7. Have you 
spoken to your cousin Helen? 8. Yes, I have seen my cousin 
Helen ; she has read my books. 9. My father has spoken to 
your father; he has bought some houses from your father. 

10. He has given a house to my sister Louise. 11. Good 
morning, sir; how are you? 12. Very well, thank you. Did 
you sleep {or have you slept) well? 13. Thank you, I slept 
{or I have slept) very well. 14. Have you breakfasted? Yes, 
I have breakfasted with your uncle, your aunt and your 
cousins. 



The is translated by le with a masculine noun, la with a 
feminine noun, les with a plural noun. 

Instead of le and la, use 1' before a vowel or h mute. 

le garcon, the boy recu, received 

la fille, the girl ecrit, written 

l'enfant, the child envoye, sent 



FIRST EXERCISES. 11 

la lettre. the letter prete, lent 

la ligne, the line rendu, given bach 

la page, the page trouve, found 

; a raontre, the watch perdu, lost 

le canif, the penknife montrez-moi, show me 

mais, but ou, or; ou, where 

1. Le pere et la mere, le frere et la sceur. 2. L'oncle et la 
tante, le cousin et la cousine. 3. Le livre et la plume ; les 
livres et les plumes. 4. Le crayon et la regie ; les crayons et 
les regies. 5. La maison et le jardin ; les maisons et les jar- 
dins. 6. J'ai vu les enfants de votre oncle. 7. J'ai trouve les 
livres de nion frere. 8. Les garcons et les filles ont des livres, 
des cahiers, des plumes et des crayons. 9. Avez-vous ecrit une 
lettre a votre cousin? 10. Avez-vous recu une lettre de votre 
cousine? 11. J'ai lu votre lettre et la lettre de votre cousine 
Helene. 12. L'enfant a 6crit une page ; vous avez ecrit une 
ligne. 13. II a un ami et une amie ; ils ont des amis. 14. Elle 
a une amie et un ami; elles ont des amis. 15. J'ai un pere et 
une mdre, un frere et des soeurs, des cousins et des cousines. 

1. The boy, the girl and the child ; the boys, the girls and 
the children. 2. The letter, the line and the page ; the letters, 
the lines and the pages. 3. The penknife, the pencil and the 
book; the penknives, the pencils and the books. 4. The 
father, the mother and the uncle ; the fathers, the mothers 
and the uncles. 5. I have seen a boy and a girl ; you have 
seen some boys and some girls. 6. I have spoken with the 
friend of your brother. 7. You have spoken with the friends 
of my brother. 8. We have received some letters from my 
aunt ; we have read the letters. 9. Have you lent the penknife 
to the child? He has lost your penknife. 10. We have break- 
fasted with the children of Mrs. Palmer. 11. My father has 
bought some books for the children of Mrs. Palmer. 12. He 
has send the books and some penknives too. 13. I have lost 
my penknife ; have you found a penknife ? 14. I have bought 
a watch for you, and a book for Charles. 



12 FIRST EXERCISES. 

5. 

De la and de les, of the, must be contracted ; write du for 
de le, and des for de les. 

A le and a les, to the, must be contracted ; write au for 
a le, and aux for a les. 

la main, the hand le front, the forehead 

le pied, the foot les oreilles (p.), the ears 

le doigt, the finger ]e nez, the nose 

la tete, the head la gorge, the throat 

les yeux (m.), the eyes le con, the neck 

la bonche, the mouth j'ai mal, I have a pain 

la langue, the tongue a la tete, at, or to the head 

les dents (f.), the teeth aux dents, to the teeth 
j'ai mal aux dents, I have tooth-ache 

1. La mere, de la mere, a la mSre. Le p§re, du p£re, au 
p£re. 2. Le frere, du frdre, au frere; la sceur, de la sceur, a la 
S03ur. 3. Le garcon, du garcon, au garcon ; la fille, de la fllle, 
a la fille ; l'enfant, de l'enfant, a l'enf ant. 4. Les garcons, des 
garcons, aux garcons ; les filles, des filles, aux filles ; les enf ants, 
des enfants, aux enfants. 5. Mon ami, de mon ami, a mon 
ami; mes amis, de mes amis, a mes amis. 6. L'ami, de rami, 
a l'ami ; les amis, des amis, aux amis. 7. L'amie, de l'amie, a 
l'amie ; les amies, des amies, aux amies. 8. La main, de la 
main, a la main; les mains, des mains, aux mains. 9. La tete, 
de la tete, a la tete; j'ai mal a la tete. 10. Les dents, des 
dents, aux dents; j'ai mal aux dents. 

1. The boy, of the boy, to the boy; the boys, of the boys, to 
the boys. 2. The girl, of the girl, to the girl ; the girls, of the 
girls, to the girls. 3. I have spoken to the boys and to the 
girls. 4. You have spoken of the brother and of the sister ; 
you have spoken of the brothers and of the sisters. 5. My 
friend (m.), of my friend, to my friend; my friends, of my 
friends, to my friends. 6. The friend, of the friend, to the 
friend ; the friends, of the friends, to the friends. 7. The fin- 



FIRST EXERCISES. 13 

ger, of the finger, to the finger ; the fingers, of the fingers, to 
the fingers. 8. The teeth, of the teeth, to the teeth ; I have 
tooth-ache ; she has head-ache. 9. The eyes, of the eyes, to 
the eyes; I have sore eyes (j'ai mal aux yeux). 10. The letter 
of the letter, to the letter ; the letters, of the letters, to the 
letters. 11. Have you given a book to the boy or to the girl? 
12. I have read a page of the book to the girls. 



Some or any is translated by du before a masculine noun, 
de la before a feminine noun, des before a plural noun. 

Instead of du and de la, use de V before a vowel or h mute. 

When some or any is understood in English, it must be ex- 
pressed in French. 

donnez-moi, give me desirez-vous, do you wish 

du pain, some bread de la creme, some cream 

du gateau, some cake de la biere, some beer 

du cafe, some coffee du vin, some wine 

du the, some tea du chocolat, some cliocolate 

"du lait. some milk du bonbon, some candy 

de I'eaUj some water du beurre, some butter 

s'il vous plait, if you please du f romage, some cheese 

si vous voulez, if you will il est si bon, he, or it is so good 
une tartiue, a slice of bread and butter 

1. Un gateau, du gateau, le gateau ; les gateaux, des ga 
teaux. 2. Donnez-moi du pain, s'il vous plait. 3. Desirez- 
vous une tartine? Oui, s'il vous plait. 4. Donnez-moi aussi 
un verre de lait. 5. J'ai mange du pain et vous avez mange 
du gateau. 6. II a bu du cafe, elle a bu du the. 7. J'ai bu 
du lait; elle a bu de l'eau et du vin. 8. Vous avez achete" du 
bonbon et j'ai achete du chocolat. 9. Mon pere a achete du 
vin et de la biere. 10. Avez-vous bien dejeune? Oui, merci; 
j'ai tres bien dejeune. 11. Avez-vous donne du cafe et du 
gateau a, Louise? 12. Non, j'ai donne" une tartine et un verre 



14 FIRST EXERCISES. 

de lait. 13. Charles, ou est votre livre? 14. J'ai prete mon 
livre a nion frere. 15. Desirez-vous un crayon ou une plume ? 
16. J'ai un cahier ; donnez-nioi un crayon. 

1. I have bought some milk and some cream, 2. Have you 
bought any cake? 3. I have bought bread and cake. 4. Do 
you wish any milk? Give me some water if you please. 
5. Tou have drunk tea and I have drunk coffee. 6. He has 
eaten bread and butter ; she has eaten cake with a cup of 
coffee. 7. Marguerite has eaten a slice of bread and butter 
and she has drunk some water. 8. Have you bought any 
chocolate? No, but I have bought some candy. 9. Have you 
received a letter? Yes, I have received some letters. 10. Have 
you written a page ? No, but I have written a line. 11. You 
have bought a copybook and some books. 12. Your father 
has bought some houses from my uncle. 13. Charles has lent 
a pencil and a penknife to Henry. 14. I have given back the 
pencil and the penknife to Charles. 15. Where have you 
bought the cake ? It is so good. 

7. 

When some or any comes before an adjective or after a 
negative, it is translated by de only. 

Good bread, de bon pain. 

Not any bread {or no bread), pas de pain. 

I have no cream, je n'ai pas de creme. 

Youlez-vous, will you have passez-moi, pass me 

de la soupe, some soup apportez-moi, bring me 

prenez-vous, do you take un couteau, a knife 

volontiers, willingly une fourchette, a fork 

avec plaisir, with pleasure une cuillere, a spoon 

j'ai pris, I have taken une serviette, a napkin 

j'ai dernande, 1 have asked for un yerre, a glass 

de la yiande, some meat une tasse, a cup 

des pommes de terre, potatoes une assiette, a plate 
youlez-vous prendre, will you take 



FIRST EXERCISES. 15 

1. Avez-vous de la creuie? Non, je n'ai pas de creme. 

2. Avez-vous pris de la soupe? Non, je n'ai pas pris de soupe. 

3. Avez-vous achete" du gateau? Non, je n'ai pas achete" de 
gateau. 4. Avez-vous bu de l'eau? Non, je n'ai pas bu d'eau ; 
j'ai bu du lait. 5. Avez-vous demande" de la bi&re? Non, je 
n'ai pas demande" de biere. 6. J'ai demande" de l'eau et du 
vin; avez-vous du vin? 7. Nous avons de l'eau, mais nous 
n'avons pas de vin. 8. D6sirez-vous du caf6? Non, pas de 
caf6; une tasse de th6, s'il vous plait. 9. Voulez-vous du 
gateau? J'ai de bon gateau. 10. Nous avons de bon cafe" et 
de bon the\ 11. Avez-vous des freres et des soeurs? 12. J'ai 
un frere, mais je n'ai pas de soeur. 

1. Some cream and some milk ; no cream, no milk. 2. The 
coffee, some coffee; the tea, some tea. 3. Tea or coffee? No 
coffee, no tea; but a glass of milk, if you please. 4. Some 
water, please. Do you wish any water? 5. No water, thank 
you ; but a cup of tea, s. v. p. 6. We have drunk water and 
wine, but we did not take {or have not taken) any beer. 
7. Give me some bread and butter, please. Do you wish 
any cheese? 8. No, thank you ; no cheese for me. 9. Do you 
wish some soup? Yes, please. Pass me your plate. 10. Have 
you any meat? I have some meat, but I have not any pota- 
toes. 11. Will you have a cup of tea? Pass your cup, please. 

12. I have found some books; I did not lose any books. 

13. I have written some letters, but I have not received any 
letters. 14. I did not speak to the sister of my friend. 15. We 
have bought some forks and spoons; we did not buy glasses. 



8. 



In French the adjective is variable ; it agrees in gender and 
number with the noun which it qualifies. 

To form the feminine of an adjective, add e mute to the 
masculine, but adjectives ending in e mute in the masuline 
remain the same in the feminine. 



16 FIRST EXERCISES. 

He is small, she is small; il est 'petit, elle est petite. 
He is sick, she is sick; il est malade, elle est malade. 

petit, small, little absent, absent bon (m.), good 

grand, large, tall present, present bonne (f.), good 

fort, strong pret, ready beau (m ), beautiful 

joli, pretty presse, in a hurry belle (f.), beautiful 

charmant, charming lent, slow long(M.), long 

amusant, amusing content, pleased longue (f.), long 

malade, sick sage, wise, good court, short 

fatigue, tired obeissant, obedient aise, or facile, easy 

pourquoi, why; parce que, because 

1. Un petit garcon et une petite fllle ; il est petit, elle est 
petite. 2. Un petit cousin et une petite cousine ; un grand 
cousin et une grande cousine. 3. Mon petit cousin est con- 
tent ; ma petite cousine est contente aussi. 4. Mon petit frere 
est bien sage ; ma petite sceur est bien sage aussi. 5. II est 
sage et obeissant ; elle est sage et obeissante. 6. Le crayon est 
fort, la regie est forte. 7. Votre mere est prete ; votre sceur 
est prete aussi. 8. Votre pere est presse ; votre mere est pres- 
see ; il est pret, elle est prete. 9 Mon frere est fatigue ; ma 
soeur est f atiguee ; elle est f atiguee et malade. 10. Votre petite 
cousine est charmante ; elle est aussi tres jolie. 11. J'ai un 
livre amusant ; vous avez lu une page amusante. 12. Un beau 
jardin et une belle maison ; la maison est grande, mais le jardin 
est petit. 

1. The boy is strong ; the girl is strong. 2. The little boy 
is obedient; the little girl is obedient. 3. He is good and 
obedient ; she is good and obedient. 4. My father is good, my 
mother is very good. 5. Louise is pleased ; she has a good 
father and a good mother. 6. My cousin Helen is good and 
obedient ; she is also very pretty. 7. Your father is in a hurry ; 
he is ready; your mother is also in a hurry; she is ready. 
8. I have received a letter ; the letter is very amusing. 9. My 
book is pretty and amusing. 10. My little sister is tired ; she 
is sick. 11. My sister Louise is tall and strong ; she is very 
good. 12. My watch is good ; my penknife is good. 13. Have 



FIRST EXERCISES. 17 

you received a long letter from your father? 14. Have you 
seen the letter? The letter is short and good. 



9. 



To form the plural of an adjective, add s to the singular, 
but adjectives ending in s, or x remain the same for the mas- 
culine plural. 

As the feminine adjective always ends in e mute, the 
feminine plural will always end in es. 

Petit, petits; petite, petites. 
Fatigue, fatigues; fatiguee, fatiguees. 
Frangais, frangais; frangaise, frangaises. 

une orange, an orange encore, yet, still 

une pomme, an apple vert, green 

une poire, a pear mur, ripe; mur, wall 

une peche, a peach sur, sure; sur, sour 

une prune, a prune, a plum amer, amere, bitter 

une cerise, a cherry dur, hard 

une f raise, a strawberry tendre, tender 

du raisin, grapes ils or elles sont, they are 

maintenant, now bientot, soon 

1. II est petit, elle est petite; ils sont petits, elles sont 
petites. 2. II est f atigue\ elle est fatiguee ; ils sont fatigues, 
elles sont f atigu6es. 3. II est bon, elle est bonne ; ils sont bons, 
elles sont bonnes. 4. II est joli, elle est jolie ; ils sont jolis, 
elles sont jolies. 5. II est pret, elle est prete ; ils sont prets, 
elles sont pretes. 6. II est sage, elle est sage ; ils sont sages, 
elles sont sages. 7. II est malade, elle est malade; ils sont 
malades, elles sont malades. 8. II est charmant, elle est char- 
mante; ils sont charmants, elles sont charmantes. 9. La 
pomme est bonne, elle est bien mure ; les pommes sont bonnes, 
elles sont bien mures. 10. Les enfants ont mange des pommes 
vertes ; maintenant ils sont malades. 11. Nous avons achete 
de belles cerises ; elles sont excellentes. 



18 FIRST EXERCISES. 

1. He is strong, she is strong; they (m.) are strong they (F.) 
are strong. 2. He is sick, she is sick; they (m.) are sick, 
they (f.) are sick. 3. He is tall, she is tall; they (m.) are tall, 
they (f.) are tall. 4. He is tired, she is tired; the boys are 
tired, the girls are tired. 5. He is ready, the girl is ready ; the 
boys are ready, the girls are ready. 6. He is charming, she is 
charming; the little boys are charming, the little girls are 
charming. 7. Charles is obedient, Lonise is obedient; the 
boys are obedient, the girls are obedient. 8. My father is in a 
hurry, my mother is in a hurry ; my uncle and my father are 
in a hurry, my aunt and my mother are in a hurry. 9. He is 
slow, she is slow; they (m.) are slow, they (f.) are slow. 10. My 
father and my brother are good ; my mother and my sister are 
good. 11. The orange is good and beautiful; the oranges are 
good and beautiful. 12. We have bought some beautiful 
cherries, they are very good. 13. You have brought some 
peaches, but they are hard. 14. Henry and Charles are tired ; 
Helen and Mary are very tired teo. Good night, sleep well. 



10. 



Adjectives expressing color, shape, flavor, religion, natio- 
nality are always placed after the noun. 

Many adjectives are placed before or after the noun, as 
euphony may decide. 

The following adjectives are generally placed before the 



grand, large beau, beautiful 

petit, small joli, pretty 

bon, bonne, good nouveau, nouvelle, new 

mauvais, bad jeune, young 

mechant, bad, wicked, naughty vieux, vieille, old 

gros, grosse, big gentil, gentille, nice 

long, longue, long vilain, ugly 

haut, high sot, sotte, silly 

premier, premiere, first cher, chere, dew 



FIRST EXERCISES. 19 

1. Voulez-vous des pomnies inures? Nous avons de bonnes 
poinincs mures. 2. Vous avez mange* de mauvaises pommes 
vertes. 3. Les pommes vertes ne sont pas mCires; elles ne 
sont pas bonnes. 4. Elles sont sures; elles sont ameres. 5. Le 
raisin est encore vert ; donnez-moi des peches mures. 6. Vous 
avez achete* un joli livre; il est int^ressant. 7. Voulez-vous un 
livre amusant? 8. J'ai vu des enfants d6sob6issants ; ils ont 
pris des pommes dans (in) le jardin. 9. Vous avez une bonne 
petite sceur ; eile est bien sage et elle est la premiere de la 
classe. 10. J'ai demand^ de la viande bien tendre; il a 
envoye de la viande tres dure. 11. Ma cousine Jeanne est 
une gentille petite fille. 12. Therese est aussi une petite fille 
obeissante et bien sage. 13. Bonjour, chere maman; bon- 
jour, cher papa. 

1. Some apples; some ripe apples; some good apples. 
2. Some green oranges; some beautiful oranges; some big 
oranges. 3. You have bought bitter oranges ; I have bought 
good ripe oranges. 4. Will you have some strawberries? Yes, 
if you please. 5. Give me some good strawberries with cream. 

6. Give me also some cake with a good cup of chocolate. 

7. I have drunk some wine ; the wine is sour ; you have sour 
wine. 8. Papa has bought some good Avine; but he has 
received some bad beer. 9. I have seen a naughty little boy 
and a naughty little girl. 10. Jeanne is a nice little cousin ; 
The>ese is also a charming little girl. 11. You have bought 
some bad pens ; give me a good pen. 12. We have seen some 
tired little boys. 13. We have spoken to a tired little girl. 

14. My sister is tired now; she has written a long letter. 

15. Where is your little sister Louise? She is with my dear 
maman in (dans) the garden. 

11. 

As there is no neuter gender in French, the pronoun it must 
generally be changed to lie or she, him or her. 

Here is a house, it is large. Voici une uiaison, elle est grande. 



20 FIRST EXERCISES. 

voyez-vous, do you see j'ai mis, I have put 

je vois, 1 see j'ai promis, I have promised 

voici, here is, here are age, aged, old 

voila, there is, there are riche, rich 

plus, more pauvre, poor 

plus que, more than chaud, warm, hot 

aussi, also, too froid, cold 

aussi — que, as— as excellent, excellent 

moins que, less than exquis, exquisite 
Elle est aussi grande que vous. She is as tall as you. 

1. Voici mon frere; il est pret. Voici ma soeur, elle est 
prete. 2. Voici une orange ; elle est belle. Voici du raisin ; il 
est bien mur. 3. Voyez-vous des f raises? Oui, je vois des 
fraises, mais elles ne sont pas encore mures. 4. Je vois une 
fraise mure; voici des fraises mures. 5. Avez-vous des peclies? 
Oui, nous avons des p^ches dans le jardin ; elles sont encore 
vertes. 6. Voici une belle pomme; elle est plus belle que 
votre orange. 7. Voici une grosse poire ; elle est bien tendre ; 
elle est delicieuse. 8. Donnez-moi du raisin, voulez-vous? 
Avec plaisir. 9. Voulez-vous une tasse de the? Oui, s'il vous 
plait. 10. Le pain est plus tendre que le gateau. 

1. Here is a boy ; he is good and obedient. Here is a girl ; 
she is good and obedient. 2. Here is a book ; it is pretty and 
amusing. Here is a letter, it is short and good. 3. There are 
boys ; they are pretty and strong. Here are girls ; they are 
pretty and strong. 4. Do you see my watch? Yes, it is very 
pretty ; it is very good also. 5. Will you have some soup? It 
is very good. 6. I have some tea, it is cold. Here is a cup of 
tea, it is very warm. 7. Will you have an orange or an apple? 
I have an apple ; it is ripe and tender. 8. Here is a pear ; it is 
very fine; it is excellent. 9. I have bought some cherries; 
they are exquisite. 10. We have some grapes, but they are 
not ripe ; they are still green. 11. You have written a nice 
letter ; it is short and good. 12. I have bought a book ; it is 
very pretty. It is also very amusing. 13. Here are some 
apples and some oranges. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 21 

12. 

Here is or here are is translated by voici, and there is 

or there are by voila, when pointing to something or to 
some one. 

There is or there are is translated by il y a, when only 
stating a fact. 

Ago is also translated by il y a. — A year ago, il y a un an. 

ou, where une table, a table 

ici, here; la, there un tableau, a picture 

dans, in le banc, the bench 

sur, on, upon la chaise, the chair 

sous, 'tinder mon pupitre, my desk 

entre, between ma poche, my pocket 

pres de, near du papier, some paper 

a Pecole, at school une ardoise, a slate 

a l'eglise, at church une gonntie, a rubber 

1. On est mon livre? Voici votre livre sur le banc. 2. Ou 
avez-vous mis votre cahier? 3. II est dans mon pupitre. 
4. Ou est votre crayon? II est dans ma poche. 5. Avez-vous 
une montre? Oii est-elle? Elle est dans ma poche. 6. Voici 
ma maison; elle est plus grande que votre maison. 7. Oui, 
mais notre jardin est plus grand que votre jardin ; il est aussi 
plus joli. 8. Avez-vous 6crit une lettre ? Non, pas encore ;je 
n'ai pas de papier. 9. Voici du papier et une plume. 10. Voici 
ma lettre; est-elle bien Scrite? 11. Oui, elle est bien ecrite, 
mais elle est tres courte. 12. Avez-vous ecrit sur une ardoise ? 
13. Non, j'ai ecrit sur du papier; je n'ai pas d'ardoise. 14. Ou 
est votre frere? II est a la maison. 

1. Here is our garden ; it is smaller than your garden, but it 
is prettier. 2. Here is our house ; it is smaller than your house, 
but it is prettier. 3. There are apples, pears and peaches in 
our garden. 4. Where is my book? Here is your book on the- 
table. 5. I see girls and boys. Here are the boys and there 



22 FIRST EXERCISES. 

are the girls. 6. Here is my desk ; in my desk I have books, 
paper, pencils and pens. 7. In the house there are some 
desks and books. 8. I have .seen my uncle and my aunt a 
year ago. 9. I have received my watch a year ago. 10. He 
has written some letters to my brother. 11. I have received 
your last letter a year ago. 12. Will you have an orange? 
There is a big orange. 13. The oranges are better than the 
apples. 14. They are dearer, but they are better. 15. There 
are oranges, peaches, plums and grapes in California. 



13. 



This or that is translated by ce with a masculine noun, 
cette with a feminine noun. 
Instead of ce write cet before a vowel or h mute. 
These or those is translated by ces with a plural noun. 

ce monsieur, that gentleman aimable, amiable . 

cette dame, that lady agreable, agreeable 

cette demoiselle, that young lady interessant, interesting 

ces messieurs, these gentlemen facile, easy 

ces dames, these ladies difficile, difficult 

ces demoiselles, these young ladies connaissez-vous, do you know* 

cet enfant, this child je connais, I know 

ces enfants, these children il connait, he knows 

qui ? who ? whom ? c'est, that is, it is 

1. Qui est ce monsieur? C'est mon pere. 2. Qui est cette 
dame? C'est ma mere. 3. Qui est cette demoiselle? C'est 
ma sceur. 4. Qui sont ces enfants? Ce sont mes cousins et 
mes cousines. 5. Connaissez-vous mon oncle? Oui, je con- 
nais votre oncle. 6. II connait mon pere et ma mere. 7. Ces 
demoiselles sont bien aimables ; elles sont aussi bien gentilles. 
8. J'ai achete des livres pour vous; ils sont tres jolis et tres 
interessants. 9. Vos livres sont plus amusants que mes livres. 



*Connaitre, means to be acquainted with some one or something; savoir 
to -know something. 



FIRST EXKRCISKS. 23 

10. Ces poires sont meilleures que ces pommes. 11. Cette 
orange est plus grosse que votre orange. 12. Avez-vous lu ce 
livre? Oui, il est tres beau. 13. Ces messieurs sont prets; ces 
dames ne sont pas encore pretes. 14. Ces demoiselles ne sont 
pas pressees ; elles ne sont pas encore pretes. 

1. Good morning, Madam; how are you? 2. Do you know 
that lady? Yes, she is my cousin. 3. Good morning, Miss. 
Have you seen Miss Helen? 4. Do you know that young lady? 
5. Who is tins young lady? She is my friend. 6. Do you 
know Mr. Palmer? Yes, he is a friend of my father. 7. Who 
are these gentlemen ? These gentlemen are the friends of my 
f ither. 8. Who are these young ladies ? These young ladies 
are the friends of my mother. 9. Who are these children? 
They are my cousins. 10. These young girls are in a hurry, 
they are ready. 11. My sister is not yet ready; she is not in 
a hurry. 12. These oranges are big, these apples are small. 
13. That child has big pears. Where have you found these 
pears? 14. That lady has given these pears to this little child. 
15. The children are pleased ; they have oranges, apples and 
pears. 

14. 



The possessive adjectives are: 

He loves his father and mother. II aime son pere et sa mere. 
She loves her father and mother. Bile aime sou pere et sa mere. 



M. 


F. 


M. & F. 




M. &F. 


M. & F. 




moil, 


ma, 


mes, 


my, 


notre, 


11 OS, 


our, 


ton, 


ta, 


tes, 


thy, 


votre, 


vos, 


your, 


son, 


sa, 


ses, 


his, her, 


leur, 


leurs, 


theii . 



Before a vowel or h mute, use mon, ton son, instead of 
ma, ta, sa. 

Do not forget that both his and her are translated by son 
before a masculine noun, sa before a feminine noun, ses 
before a plural noun. 



24 FIRST EXERCISES. 

un homme, a man savez-vous, do you know 

line femme, a woman je sais, i" know 

un flls, a son il sait, he knows 

une fille, a daughter j'ai su, 1 7iare known 

un voisin, a neighbor aimez-vous, <?o 3/0?* Zot'e or like 

une voisine, a neighbor j'aime, Hove ov like 

une legon, « lesson il aime, 7ie Zoves or likes 

un exercice, mi exercise fait, c7o?ie or mde 

une regie, a rule une faute, a mistake, a fault 

1. Marie aime bien sa mere; elle aime aussi son pere. 
2. Henri aime bien sa mere; il aime aussi son p£re. 3. Ce 
monsieur a achete du chocolat pour son flls et sa fille. 4. Cette 
dame a achete du bonbon pour son fils et sa fille. 5. Cette 
femme a un fils et une fille ; ils sont bien obeissants. Son fils 
est grand et fort ; sa fille est belle et gentille. 6. Charles sait 
bien sa legon ; son exercice est bien fait. 7. Marie sait bien sa 
lecon ; son exercice est bien fait. 8. Helene a perdu son canif . 
J'ai trouve son canif. Helene, voici votre canif. 9. Ces 
enfants ont perdu leurs livres. J'ai vu leurs livres sous le 
banc. 10. J'ai une orange ; mon orange est plus grosse que 
votre poire. 11. Oui, mais ma poire est meilleure que votre 
orange. 12. Charles, as-tu vu Henri? II a trouve ton canif. 

1. Do you know your lesson? Yes, I know my lesson. 
2. Your brother has done his exercise ; he has also learned his 
lesson. 3. I love my father and my mother; you love your 
father and your mother. 4. He loves his father and his 
mother. 5. These children have learned their lessons and 
written their exercises. 6. I know this rule, it is easy ; it is 
not difficult. 7. These young ladies have written to my sister ; 
my sister is in Paris. 8. These young ladies are our friends ; 
they are very nice. 9. I have received an orange, a pear and 
a peach from my mother. 10. I have given my orange to my 
brother. 11. My orange is better than your apple. 12. You 
have known your lessons very well. 13. My mother has seen 
my exercise ; she has found one mistake. 14. His father and 
his mother are very pleased. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 25 

15. 

In French there is no possessive 's. Instead of my father's 
house, say the house of my father. 

le roi, the king la beaute, the beauty 

la reine, the queen la bonte, the kindness 

le prince, the prince la generosite, the generosity 

La priheesse, the princess vrai, true 

le president, the president certain, certain 

le palais, the palace evident, evident 

le prix, the price, the prize rare, rare, seldom 

le succes, the success admirable, admirable 

le progres, the progress magnifiqne, magnificent 
la maison de mes parents, my parents' house 

1. Mon pere, de mon pere, a mon pere. La maison de mon 
pere. 2. Le roi, du roi, au roi ; les rois, des rois, aux rois ; le 
palais du roi. 3. La reine, de la reine, a la reine ; les reines, 
des reines aux reines ; le palais de la reine. 4. La maison du 
president est tres grande. 5. Le livre de Henri est tres joli; le 
livre d'Helene est encore plus joli. 6. La mere de Louise est 
tres bonne ; la mere de Marguerite est aussi tres bonne. 7. J'ai 
mange l'orange de mon frere ; il a mange l'orange de ma soeur. 
8. La montre de ma mere est magnifique ; la montre de mon 
pere n'est pas si belle, mais elle est plus forte. 9. Voici le 
palais du prince et voila le palais de la princesse. 10. Les 
progres de ce garcon sont remarquables. 

1. The prince, of the prince, to the prince ; the princes, of 
the princes, to the princes. 2. The princess, of the princess, 
to the princess ; the princesses, of the princesses, to the prin- 
cesses. 3. Here is my father's house; there is my uncle's 
house 4. My father's house is larger than my uncle's house, 
5. The president's house is beautiful ; but Mi\ Smith's house 
is still more beautiful. 6. I have lost my brother's penknife, 
and he has lost my father's penknife. 7. Helen's watch is 



26 



FIRST EXERCISES. 



more beautiful than Mary's watch. 8. Mary's watch is not so 
beautiful, but it is stronger and better. 9. I know the kind- 
ness and the generosity of the queen. 10. We have seen the 
princess; her beauty is admirable. 11. The king's palace is 
very large, the queen's palace is very pretty. 12. Do you like 
your father's house more than the king's palace? 1 love my 
parents' house. 



16. 



What ? or which ? is translated by quel, quels, before a 
masculine noun, and quelle, quelles, before a feminine noun. 
What a ! is also translated by quel, quelle. 



nn bouquot, a bouquet 
une fleur, a flower 
une rose, a rose 
un ceillet, a pink 
une violette, a violet 
une marguerite, a daisy 
du lilas, lilac 
un lis, a lily 
une pensee, a pansy 



une couleur, a color 

blanc, blanche, white 

noir, black 

rouge, red 

rose, pink 

jaune, yellow 

bleu, blue 

vert, green 

violet, violette, violet 



1. Quel exercice avez-vous ecrit? Quelle lecon savez-vous? 
2. Quels exercices? Quelles lecons? Quelle page? Quelle 
ligne? 3. Avez-vous un bouquet? Quelles fleurs avez-vous? 
4. J'ai des roses, des oeillets, des violettes et des lis. 5. De 
quelle couleur est le lis? II est blanc. 6. De quelles couleurs 
sont les oeillets? 7. II y a des oeillets blancs, des (Billets rouges 
et des oeillets roses. 8. De quelle couleur sont les cerises? 
9. II y a des cerises rouges et des cerises blanches. 10. II y a 
des f raises rouges et des fraises blanches. 11. J'ai achete un 
bouquet de violettes pour ma mere. 12. Elles ont une bonne 
odeur, un doux (sweet) parfum. 13. Ou avez-vous trouve ce 
lilas? 14. J'ai recu ce lilas de mon oncle; il y a des fleurs dans 
son jar din. Quel joli lilas! 



FIRST EXERCISES. 27 

1. Which boy? Which girl? Which lesson? Which exer- 
cise? 2. Which boys? Which girls? Which lessons? Which 
exercises? 3. Do you like the rose? 4. Which flower do yon 
like? Which color do you like? 5. Which boy is your bro- 
ther? Which girl is your sister? 6. To which lady did yon 
speak (or have you spoken) ? 7. To which young ladies have 
you sent the flowers? 8. What a pretty rose you have ! Have 
you any roses in your garden ? 9. I have taken this rose in 
my uncle's garden (in the garden of my uncle). 10. What a 
fine bouquet! What beautiful flowers! What a sweet per- 
fume) 11. What a long lesson you have given? What a hard 
exercise! 12. What a pretty boy! What a pretty girl! 

13. Here is the house of my cousin. It is a pretty house. 

14. Which flowers do you like? I like white roses. 

17. 

The Present (Indicative) of etre, to be. 



je suis, 


I am 


nous sommes, 


we are 


tu es, 


thou art 


vous etes, 


you are 


il est, 


he is 


ils sont, 


they are 


elle est, 


she is 


elles sont, 


they are 



j'ai ete, / have been 

The words je, tu, il, elle, nous, vous, ils, elles, are called 
personal pronouns, they are subject of the verb. They 
are placed before or after the verb as in English : — you are, 
vous etes ; are you, etes- vous. 

preferez-vous, do you prefer f avori, favorite, favorite 

je prefere, 1 prefer utile, useful 

il prefere, he prefers inutile, useless 

apporte, brought applique, diligent 

iaisse, left dissipe, dissipated 

oublie, forgotten etourdi, heedless 

fane, faded negligent, careless 

arrose, watered modeste, modest 

cueilli, gathered, picked tranquille, tranquil, quiet 



28 FIRST EXERCISES. 

1. Je suis petit, tu es grand, il est fort ; nous somnies con- 
tents, vous etes obeissants, ils sont sages. 2. Helene, §tes- 
vous contente? Oui, je suis contente. 3. Henri est fatigue; 
Henriette est aussi f atiguee. 4. Louise et Marie sont absentes ; 
elles sont malades. 5. Ces pommes sont excellentes; ces 
peches sont delicieuses, mais ce raisin est encore vert. 6. Vous 
avez ete negligente, mademoiselle ; vous n'avez pas arrose* les 
fleurs. 7. Maintenant elles sont f an£es ; voyez, ma fleur favo- 
rite est fanee. 8. Vous avez oublie votre livre, et vous n'avez 
pas ecrit votre exercice. 9. L'exercice de votre soeur est tres 
bien ecrit ; elle est trSs appliquee, 10. Cette lecon n'est pas 
difficile et vous avez des f autes ; vous etes tres etourdie, made- 
moiselle ; vos parents sont mecontents. 

1. You are very young, and this lesson is nard for you. 
2. This lesson is easy for your brother because he is older 
than you. 3. Why have you been absent? Because I have 
been sick. 4. Which flower do you prefer? I prefer the rose. 
5. My sister prefers the violet ; she has brought a bouquet of 
violets. 6. I have some roses in my garden; the pinks are 
faded; the rosos are faded too. 7. My flowers are faded 
because they have not been watered. 8. Which is your favo- 
rite color? The pink is my favorite color. 9. This exercise is 
easy; why have you made mistakes? I do not know. 10. It is 
because you are heedless. 11. Louise has written a good 
exercise because she knows the rules. 12. It is because she is 
more diligent than you ; she is the first, and you are the last. 

13. These ladies are our neighbors; they are very amiable. 

14. Do you know these children? Yes; this child is my cousin 
Henry, and that little girl is the daughter of our neighbor. 



18. 



When the personal pronoun is placed after the verb, it is 
connected with the verb by a hyphen ; and if the third person 
of that verb ends with a vowel, a euphonic t is placed before 
il, elle, on. 



FIRST KXEKCISKS. 



29 



ai-je, have I 
as-tu, hast thou 
a-t-il, has lie 
a-t-elle, has she 
avons-nous, have we 
avez-vous, have you 
ont-ils, have they 
ont-elles, have they 
ai-je en, have I had 



tenezJ hold! there 
eli bien ! well! 
commence, begun 



dire, to say, to 
je dis, I say 
il dit, he says 
vous dites, you 
dit, said 
ri, laughed 



say 



fini, finished 

fache, sorry, angry 

charme, charmed 

enchante, delighted pleure, wept, or 

beaucoup (de), much, many, very much, very many, etc. 



suis-je, am I 
es-tu, art thou 
est-il, is lie 
est-elle, is she 
soinmes-nous, are we 
etes-vous, are you 
sont-ils, are they 
sont-elles, are they 
ai-je 6t6, have I been 

tell faire, to do, to make 
je fais, / do 
il fait, he does 
vous faites, you do 
fait, done, made 
du plaisir, pleasure 
du chagrin, grief 



'ied 



1. Tenez, voici une grosse orange; etes-vous content? 
2. Voila encore deux belles oranges pour vous, si (if) vous 
faites un bon exercice. 3. Eh bien, voici mon exercice ; je 
n'ai pas fait beaucoup de fautes. 4. Marie a-t-elle ecrit son 
exercice? A-t-elle fait beaucoup de fautes? 5. Vous etes bien 
applique a vos lecons, vous faites du plaisir a vos parents. 
6. Henri est tres negligent ; il est tres etourdi. 7. II est le 
dernier de sa classe ; il fait du chagrin a sa mere. 8. Je suis 
bien f ache pour vous, mon petit ami ; vous n'etes pas sage et 
vous ne savez pas votre lecon. 9. Pourquoi avez-vous beau- 
coup de fautes dans votre lecon? 10. Pourquoi n'avez-vous 
pas fini d'ecrire votre lecon ? 

1. Hold, there is some candy for you. 2. You have been 
very diligent and I am pleased with you. 3. I am very sorry 
for that little boy ; he is very careless. 4. He has made many 
mistakes in his exercise. 5. Your father is angry, you are 
heedless; why have you cried? 6. Because my mother was 
angry with me. 7. Henry, have you began your exercise? 



30 



FIRST EXERCISES. 



Yes, it is finished. 8. Show me your exercise. You have one 
mistake ; it is very well done. 9. Your mother has been very 
pleased, because you have been rhe first in the class. 10. Did 
you see (have you seen) these gentlemen? Did you say good 
morning to these ladies? 11. Your brother has been absent; 
has he been sick? 12. Your sister has been absent; has she 
been sick? 13. You have learned a long lesson; are you tired? 
14. Have you brought a bouquet for your mother? 



19. 



Not is translated by two words, ne — pas; ne is placed 
before the verb, and pas after the verb. 



i" have not 
je n'ai pas 
tu n'as pas 
il n'a pas 
nous n'avons pas 
vous n'avez pas 
ils n'ont pas 
je n'ai pas eu 



I" am not 
je ne suis pas 
tu n'es pas 
il n'est pas 
nous ne sommes pas 
vous n'etes pas 
ils ne sont pas 
je n'ai pas £t6 



je voudrais, 1 ivould like 
aller, to go 
je vais, I am going 
il va, he is going 
allez, go 
marcher, to walk 
rester, to stay, to remain 
restez, stay, remain, he 
je vous prie, I pray you 

trop, too much, 



venir, to come 
je viens, I am coming 
il vient, he is coming 
vous venez, you come 
raconter, to relate 
une histoire, a story, a history 
un roman, a novel 
un journal, a newspaper 
un article, an article 
too many, too ... 



1. Comment allez-vous? Je ne vais pas bien; je suis malaae. 
2. Nous n'avons pas ete a, l'ecole; nous n'avons pas 6tudie\ 



FIRST EXERCISES. 31 

3. Vous n'etes pas appliqu6, Charles; vous n'avez pas eu Le 
prix. 4. Votre ami n'a j)as 6tC amiable, il n'a pas apport6 de 
bonbon ni (nor) de fleurs. 5. Je voudrais rester a la maison, 
je suis f atigu6. 6. Mes parents ne sont pas contents de moi ; 
je n'ai pas 6t6 le premier. 7. Ces dames ont dine" avec nous; 
elles ont 6t6 bien aimables. 8. Nous avons 6t6 dans le jardin, 
mais nous n'avons pas cueilli de fleurs. 9. Ou avez-vous 
trouve ces violettes? J'ai achete* ces violettes d'une pauvre 
ferame. 10. Vous n'avez pas 6t6 bien sage et je n'ai pas 
racont6 une belle histoire. 

1. I would like to go to church; will you come with me? 
2. My mother has been sick ; she is not yet strong: 3. My 
sister is not yet ready; she is very slow. 4. Do you like the 
flowers? Yes, I like flowers very much. 5. Your roses are 
faded; you have not watered your flowers. 6. Yes, they have 
been forgotten, they have not been watered. 7. These ladies 
have been delighted ; they have had much pleasure. 8. We 
have not yet read the newspaper, we are in a hurry to go to 
school. 9. I have not yet given back this novel ; I have not 
yet finished. 10. Did you write a letter to your father? 
I have begun but I have not yet finished. 11. Remain quiet, 
I pray you, or go in the garden. 12. I have not been quiet 
because you have not related your pretty story. Hold, here 
is a book, be quiet now, will you? 



20. 



Have I not ? Am I not t 

n'ai-je pas ne suis-je pas 

n'as-tu pas n'es-tu pas 

n'a-t-il pas n'est-il pas 

n'avons-nous pas ne sommes-nous pas 

n'avez-vous pas n'etes-vous pas 

n'ont-ils pas ne sont-ils pas 

n'ai-je pas eu n'ai-je pas ete 



32 FIRST EXERCISES. 

N'est-ce pas, is it not so 

lire, to read ecrire, to write 

je lis, I read j'ecris, 1 write 

il lit, Tie reads il ecrit, he icrites 

yous lisez, you read tous ecrivez, you write 

le professeur, the professor un ecolier, a scholar 

le maitre, the master, the teacher une eeoliere, a scholar 

la maitresse, fAe mist?'ess, teacher un camarade, a comrade 

un o?' une eleve, a pupil une conipagne, a compagnon 

1. Ts'avez-vous pas lu Tliistoire de France? 2. Oui, elle est 
tres interessante ; et yous, navez-vous pas lu l'histoire des 
£tats-Unis (of the United States) ? 3. N"ai-je pas bien su rna 
lecon? 4. Hon exerciee n'est-il pas bieneerit? 5. Le prof es- 
seur n'a-t-il pas ete content? 6. Pourquoi n'aYez-Yous pas 
encore ecrit Yotre lettre? 7. Pourquoi cette lettre n'a-t-elle 
pas encore etc* enYoyee? 8. N'aYez-Yous pas ete sage a l^eole? 
9. N'ai-je pas fait le nieilleur exerciee? 10. ]ST'aYez-Yous pas 
promis de raconter une histoire? 11. Aimez-Yous bien Yotre 
pere et Yotre mere? 12. N'airnez-Yous pas Yotre frere et Yotre 
sceur? 13. Les eleYes n'ont-ils pas ete bien obeissants? 14. Ne 
sommes-nous pas bien sages? 

1. I haYe; I have not; haYe I? have I not? 2. I am; 
I am not: am I? am I not? 3. Has he? has he not? is he? is 
he not ? 4. They haYe ; they are ; they have not ; they are not. 
5. Will you read or write ? HaYe you read this book? 6. Is 
it not Yery interesting? HaYe you not finished? 7. YouY\-rite; 
you do not AYrite Yvell. 8. HaYe you Ymtten ? Did you write 
well? 9. I haYe written; I haYe not written. 10. Have I 
written? HaYe I not written well? 11. Why are you not 
quiet ? Why have you not been quiet ? 12. The teacher has 
been displeased; why has he been displeased? 13. The pupils 
haYe not been good ; they are not obedient. 14. My sister has 
receiYed a beautiful watch from my father. 15. Has she not 
been Yery pleased? She loves her father and her mother very 
much ; she is very good. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 33 

21. 

All French verbs (in the Infinitive) are ending either in 
er, ir, oir or re. 

They are accordingly divided into four conjugations, the 
models of which are doimer, finir, recevoir, vendre. 

The Stem of a verb is that part of the verb that precedes 
er, ir, oir, re. 

A verb is called regular when it is conjugated like one of 
the models. 

The conjugations will be given in full in PART II. 



In French there is no auxiliary like do, did in English. 
Therefore such expressions as do you speak, did you speak 
must be changed to speak you, have you spoken : parlez-vous, 
avez-vous parle\ 

The English Past tense, i" spoke, I saw, is generally changed 
to the compound tense : I have spoken, I have seen : j'ai parl6, 
j'ai vu. 

raconter, to relate penser a, to think of 

rencontrer, to meet depenser, to spend 

pardonner, to pardon recompenser, to reward 

excuser, to excuse tromper, to deceive 

remercier, to thank informer, to inform 

toucher, to touch annoncer, to announce 

frapper, to strike, to knock commander, to command 

f rotter, to rub obeir, to obey 

monter, to go or come up descendre, to go or come down 

1. Avez-vous bien dormi? Merci, j'ai tres bien dormi 
2. Avez-vous mang6? Oui, j'ai mange\ 3. Voulez-vous man- 
ger une tartine ? 4. Avez-vous vu mon frdre? J'ai vu votre 
sceur, mais je n'ai pas vu votre frere. 5. Aimez-vous obSir? 
Pas beaucoup ; il est plus agreable de commander. 6. II est 
plus facile d' obeir que de commander. 7. Voulez-vous donner 
une orange a, cette petite fille? 8. Voulez-vous monter? Vou- 



34 FIRST EXERCISES. 

lez-vous descen&re? 9. Voulez-vous dire bonjoura cette dame? 

10. Connaissez-vous cette dame? Savez-vous son nom? 

11. J'ai vu cette dame avec ma tante. Elle a parle a ma tante. 

12. Pourquoi avez-vous pleure? Pourquoi avez-vous ri? 

1. Do you know your lesson? Did you know your lesson? 
2. Do you see that boy? Did you see that girl? 3. Do you 
know that lady? Do you know her name? 4. I saw that lady 
with my mother; I spoke to that lady. 5. She said good 
morning to my sister ; she lent a book to my brother. 6. Did 
you bring your book? I forgot my book; I left my book at 
home. 7. I sent a bouquet to your sister. She received a 
beautiful bouquet. 8. Where did you find these beautiful 
roses? 9. I picked these flowers in our garden. 10. Will you 
come up? Do you wish to go down? 11. Will you excuse that 
bad boy? He took your book. 12. He does not like to obey ; 
he likes to command. 13. I promised to reward the good 
children. 14. Did you know your lessons? Did you write 
your exercises well? 15. I learned my lessons well. I wrote 
my exercises very well. Are they good? 



22. 



The Present (Indicative) of parler to speak. 

In French there is no progressive form nor any emphatic 
form. The three forms I speak, I am speaking, I do speak, 
are all translated by je parle. 

je parle, I speak, I am speaking or I" do speak 

tu paries, thou speakest, thou art speaking or thou doest speak 
il parle, he speaks, he is speaking or he does speak 
n. parlons, we speak, we are speaking or we do speak 
v. parlez, you speak, you are speaking or you do speak 
ils parlent, they speak, they are speaking or they do speak 
j'ai parle, I have spoken, I have been speaking, 
I spoke, 1 did speak. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 35 

parlez-vous, do you speak dites-moi, (ell me 

francais, French en francais, in French 

anglais, English avec qui, with whom 

allemand, German & Paris, in or to Paris 

italien, Kalian en France, in or (o France 

un pen, a little a Geneve, in or to Geneva 

pas du tout, not at all en Suisse, in or to Switzerland 

assez,* enough en Amerique, in or (o America 

assez bien, pretty well dans les ^tats-Unis, in (he United 

S(a(es 

un Francais, a Frenchman 

Remark. — Adjectives of nationality do not begin with a capital 
letter as in English. 

1. Parlez-vous francais? Oui, je parle un peu francais. 
2. Voici un Frangais ; parlez francais avec lui. 3. Ce Francais 
parle un peu anglais. 4. Cette dame est une Anglaise ; elle 
parle tres bien anglais. 5. Les Anglais, les Allemands, les 
Italiens parlent aussi francais. 6. Les Hollandais parlent 
aussi l'allemand, Fanglais et le francais. 7. Si vous savez 
l'allemand, le hollandais est tres facile. 8. Si vous savez 
l'italien, l'espagnol et le portugais sont tres faciles. 9. Les 
Suisses parlent francais, allemand et italien. 10. Nous avons 
6te" en Suisse ; nous avons parle allemand a Schaffhouse, fran- 
gais a Geneve et italien a Lugano. 11. Les lacs (lakes) suisses 
sont tres jolis a voir. 

1. I speak French ; thou speakest English. 2. He speaks 
German. 3. We speak Italian, you speak Spanish. 4. We 
are speaking French now; you are speaking English. You do 
speak English too. 5. That gentleman is a Frenchman; that 
lady is a French lady. 6. They speak French very well ; they 
speak French and English with us. 7. Will you speak French 
with me? I speak French a little, not much. 8. Do you read 
the French paper? Yes, I read the French paper with my 
teacher. 9. Do you write letters in French? No, not yet; it 
is too hard. 10. Have you been in Europe? Have you been 



* Assez, is not placed after the adjective: large enough, assez grand. 



36 



FIRST EXERCISES, 



in France? Have you been in Paris? 11. No, not yet; but 
I am going to France soon. 12. My father has been in Swit- 
zerland, in Geneva. He wishes to go to Switzerland, to 
Geneva. 13. Your mother has been in Switzerland, has she 
not (is it not so) ? 14. Yes, she was (has been) in Shaffhouse, 
in Zurich, in Lucerne, in Berne and in Lugano. 



23. 



The interrogative form est-ce que, is it that... is of frequent 
use in conversation. 



parle-je or est-ce que je parle 

parles-tu or est-ce que tu paries 

parle-t-il or est-ce qu'il parle 

parlons-nous or est-ce que nous parlons 

parlez-vous or est-ce que vous parlez 

parlent-ils or est-ce qu'ils parlent 

ai-je parle or est-ce que j'ai parle 



do I speak 
doest thou speak 
does he speak 
do we speak 
do you speak 
do they speak 

have I spoken 



donner, to give 
preter, to lent 
passer, to pass 
regarder, to look at 
chercher, to look for 
trouver, to find 
aimer, to love 

qu'est-ce 
qu'est-ce 
qu'est-ce 



etudier, to study 
prier, to pray 
demander, to ash 
porter, to carry 
apporter, to bring 
rapporter, to bring bach 
prononcer, to pronounce 



danser, to dance 
chanter, to sing 
ecouter, to listen 
oter, to take off 
tirer, to pull 
pousser, to push 
jouer, to play 



que, what is it that. . . or what. . 
que c'est? what is it ? 
que cela? what is that f 



1. Est-ce que je parle bien francais? 2. Vous prononcez 
tres bien; vous parlez bien, mais vous faites encore des fautes. 
3. Est-ce que votre frere etudie beaucoup? 4. Pourquoi ne 
parle-t-il pas bien? Est-ce qu'il a ete" malade? 5. Qu'est-ce 
que vous etudiez maintenant? Est-ce que vous Studiez votre 



FIRST EXERCISES. 37 

lecon? 0. Est-ce que vous avez 6te dans le jardin? Est-ce 
que vous avez mange" du raisin? 7. Est-ce que vous voulez 
faire un bouquet pour votre mere? 8. Tenez, voici des vio- 
lettes ; est-ce que votre mere aime les violettes? 9. Qu'est-ee 
que vous avez cueilli? Est-ce que vous avez cueilli des roses 
et des ceillets? 10. Est-ce que vous dSsirez jouer? Voulez- 
vous chanter? Voulez-vous danser? 

1. What is that? That is for you, that is for your sister. 

2. I speak well; does he speak well? Does she speak well? 

3. We give, you give, they give; do we give, do you give? 

4. I lend, he lends and she lends ; have I lent, has he lent, has 
she lent? 5. Does he lend, does she lend? Does he ask, 
does she ask? 6. Do you look for, do they look for? We look 
for, you look for, and they look for. 7. I love, he loves, she 
loves ; we love, you love, they love. 8. Do I love, does he 
love, does she love? Do you study, have you studied? 9. Have 
you brought, have you brought back, have you carried ? Have 
you not brought back? 10. Do you dance, does he dance, 
does she dance ? 11. I play a little, she plays very much; do 
I play more than my sister? 12. Does she not desire to speak 
French? You desire to speak French, don't you? 



24. 



i" do not speak Do I not speak ? 

je ne parle pas ne parl6-je pas 

tu ne paries pas ne parles-tu pas 

il ne parle pas ne parle-t-il pas 

nous ne parlons pas ne parlons-nous pas 

vous ne parlez pas ne parlez-vous pas 

ils ne parlent pas. ne parlent-ils pas 

je n'ai pas parle n'ai-je pas parle" 
est-ce que je ne parle pas? etc. 

quand? when ? sonner, to ring casser, to break 

lorsque... ivhen... ouvrir, to open briser, to break 



38 FIRST EXERCISES. 

je sors, I go out j'ouvre, I open couper, to cut 

v. sortez, you go out il ouvre, he opens gater, to spoil 

sortir, to go out vous ouvrez, you open abiraer, to spoil 

sorti, gone out ouvert, open, opened dechirer, to tear 

entrer, to enter la porte, the door cacher, to hide 

fermer, to shut la fenetre, the window causer, to cause, to talk 

Remark. — Quand is used for questions or answers; lorsque is used 
for answers only. 

1. Quand vous sortez, vous ferniez la porte, n'est-ce pas? 

2. Oui, quand je sors je ferine la porte. 3. Ne fermez-vous 
pas la porte et la fenetre ? La fenetre est f erraee, la porte est 
ouverte. 4. Je ne casse pas mon canif ; tu ne coupes pas ton 
pain; il ne gate pas ses enfants. 5. Nous ne dechirons pas nos 
cahiers, vous ne cachez pas mes livres. 6. lis ne causent pas 
en classe, elles n'oublient pas les regies. 7. Vous voulez 
entrer, n'est-ce pas? eh bien! sonnez. 8. N'avez-vous pas 
sonne? La porte n'est-elle pas ouverte? 9. La porte n'est 
pas ouverte ; n'avez- vous pas ouvert la porte? 10. Ouvrez la 
porte et f erniez la fenetre ; ne fermez pas la porte. 11. Pour- 
quoi ne restez-vous pas tranquille? 

1. I have not yet watered the flowers ; I am going to water 
the roses and the pinks. 2. I have forgot to water the lilies. 

3. Bring me some water. Will you bring me some water for 
the flowers? 4. Do you not desire a rose? Have you not 
asked for some lilac ? 5. The flowers have not been watered ; 
are they not faded? 6. Do you like flowers? Do you not like 
violets? 7. I have not found any violets. Do you desire to 
buy some violets? 8. I do not break, he does not break, she 
does not break. 9. "We do not cut, you do not cut, they do 
not cut, they (F.) do not cut. 10. Do I not spoil, does he not 
spoil, does she not spoil? 11. Do we not tear, do you not 
tear, do they not tear? 12. Have I not given, hast thou not 
lent, has he not found, has she not studied? 13. Have we 
not carried, have you not brought, have they not brought 
back? 14. Did you dance, did she sing? 



FIRST EXERCISES. 39 

25. 

Instead of Is your brother nick f the French say : Your bro- 
ther is he sick f— When, in a question, the subject of the verb 
is a noun, place the noun first, then the verb followed by il 
or elle representing the noun. 

chez moi, at my house, home quel age, tvhat age, how old 

chez toi, at thy house j'aidouzeans, 1 am {have) 12 years 

chez lui, at his house une reponse, an answer 

chez elle, at her house repondre, to answer 

chez nous, at our house repondu, answered 

chez vous, at your house une question, a question 

chez eux, at their house drole, droll, funny 

chez elles, at their house la paix, peace 

comme..., as... la guerre, war 

chez, at the house of... 

1. Votre pere est-il chez lui? Votre mere est-elle chez elle? 

2. Votre frere est-il malade ? Votre sceur a-t-elle et6* a l'ecole ? 

3. Vos freres sont-ils a, la maison ? Vos sceurs sont-elles chez 
elles? 4. Bonjour, Louise, comment allez-vous? Tres bien, 
merci. 5. Comment va votre mere? Comment votre mere 
va-t-elle? 6. Votre mere est-elle sortie? Votre pere est-il sorti? 

7. Votre frere est-il rentre? Votre soeur est-elle rentree? 

8. Quel age avez-vous? Quel age votre frere a-t-il? 9. Quel 
age votre soeur a-t-elle? Quel age a votre soeur? 10. Voulez- 
vous repondre a ma question? Avez-vous repondu a ma ques- 
tion? 11. Deinandez cela a ma soeur. Ma soeur a-t-elle 
repondu a votre question? 

1. Louisa, where are you? I am here. Where is your bro- 
ther? 2. Where is your sister? Is she at home? 3. Is your 
brother at home? Has he gone out? 4. When is your mother 
at home? 5. I desire to speak to your father. 6. Do you 
know that lady? Do you know these ladies? 7. That lady is 
Mrs. Palmer. These ladies are my cousins. 8. That lady 
knows your neighbors. Does that lady know your mother? 



40 FIRST EXERCISES. 

9. Are your sisters at home ? Have they gone out? 10. Has 
Henry read the paper? Has he finished his exercise? 11. Has 
the teacher related a pretty story ? 12. Did your mother buy 
(or has your mother bought) a pretty book for you? 13. Did 
the teacher give a hard lesson? 14. Did Henry shut the door 
when he has gone out? 15. When did your brother come in? 
When did your sister go out ? I do not know. 

26. 

When there is a negative in a sentence, always place ne 
before the verb. Ne is not used without a verb. 

ne... pas, not ne... ni... ni, neither nor 

ne... point, not ne... que, only, nothing hut 

ne... plus, no more, not any more moi aussi, I too 

ne... jamais, never ni moi non plus, neither I 

ne... rien, nothing, not anything pas du tout, not at all 

ne... guere, but little [body pas d'argent, no money 

ne... personne, nobody, not any- pas d'amis, no friends 

ne... aucun, no..., not any... pas de chance, no chance 

ne... nul (nulle), no..., not any... un artiste, an artist 

Remark. — Not anybody is translated by personne, and not any- 
by rien. 



1. II n'a pas d'argent; il n'a pas d'amis; il n'a pas de chance. 

2. Je n'ai ni argent ni amis; je ne connais personne ici. 

3. Avez-vous de l'argent? Je n ai pas d'argent. 4. Je n'ai 
que douze dollars dans ma poche. 5. Vous avez du chagrin, 
n'est-ce pas? Non, je n'ai jamais de chagrin. 6. Voulez-vous 
des pommes? Je n'aime pas les pommes, je prefere les poires. 

7. Nous n'avons pas de poires ; nous n'avons plus de pones. 

8. Etes-vous fatigue? Moi, je suis fatigue. Moi aussi. 9. Henri 
n'est jamais fatigue. Ni moi non plus. 10. Personne n'a su 
la lecon ; personne n'a bien ecrit cet exercice. 11. Avez-vous 
fait votre exercice ? Je n'ai rien fait ; il est tres difficile. 12. Rien 
n'est facile pour les enfants etourdis. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 41 

1. Iamgoingtoyourliou.se; I am not going to his house. 
2. Are you going home? Are you not going home? 3. Do 
you know anybody here? Have you any friends? 4. I do 
not know any one ; I have no friends here. 5. That man has 
not any money. He has neither money nor friends. G. I have 
only one dollar in my pocket. Have you any money? 7. I 
have bought books ; I have many books, but I have no more 
money. 8. We have not been negligent; we know the rules 
very well. 9. I have not made any mistake in my exercise. 

10. I did not speak to any one; I did not say anything. 

11. Did you not speak to your neighbor? 12. Not at all, 
I did not speak to any one. 13. You are tired, are you not? 
1 do not write any more. Neither I. 



27. 



On is an Indefinite pronoun of the third person singular; it 
is translated, according to the sentence, by people, they, toe, 
you. Therefore people, they, we, you, when not referring to 
any one person specially, are rendered by on. 

Whole is translated the same as all, by tout, (tous, toute 
toutes) ; but the article le or mi follows tout. 

cliaque, each, every plusieurs, several 

chacun, each one un seul, a single one 

quelque, some, (plur.) a few tel, telle, such 

quelqu'un, some one, somebody 1'un, l'autre, the one, the other 

quelque chose, something Tennerm, the enemy 

tout le monde, everybody la ville, the town, the city 

tous les jours, every day declarer, to declare 

tou jours, alivays bruler, to burn 

jamais, never detruit. destroyed 

1'un et l'autre, both; Tun ou l'autre, either 

1. Ici on parle francais. 2. On parle de guerre. 3. On dit 
que la guerre a ete declaree. 4. On dit que les ennemis ont 
pris la ville. Toute la ville a ete detruite. 5. On est bien 
content quand on est aiuie de tout le monde. 6. On n'est pas 



42 FIRST EXERCISES. 

content quand on n'a ni argent ni amis. 7. Donnez-nous 
aussi quelque chose ; vous avez donne quelque chose a tous les 
autres enfants. 8. Les uns ont eu des oranges, les autres 
ont eu du bonbon ; et moi, je n'ai rien eu. 9. Chaque el&ve a 
recu quelque chose ; personne n'a ete oublie. 10. J'etudie tou- 
jours bien mes lecons; je sais mes lecons tous les jours. 
11. Alfred ne sait jamais sa lecon; il a toujours quelque excuse, 
bonne ou mauvaise. II ne fait pas de progres. 

1. The whole town speaks of this great artist. 2. They say 
that he is the best artist in the city. 3. People are pleased 
when they have money and friends. 4. They speak of war ; it 
is said {or they say) that the enemy has declared war. 

5. They study much in this school; they like to study. 

6. When we are young, we are never tired. 7. All these pears 
are still green; they are not yet ripe. 8. All these grapes are 
still green ; they are not yet ripe. 9. The whole book is very 
interesting ; I have read every line in this book. 10. All these 
lessons are very long, but I always write the whole lesson. 
11. I know all these gentlemen and all these ladies. 12. Did 
you lose something? No, I did not lose anything, I have 
never lost anything. 13. These children are always pleased; 
they have known their lessons every day. 

28. 

Vous me parlez ; je vous parle. 

Me, me or to me ; te, thee or to thee ; se, himself, herself or 
to himself, to herself ; themselves or to themselves; 

nous, us or to us; vous, you or to you, are generally 
placed immediately before the verb. 

After any preposition (other than to), use moi, toi, etc.. as 
in Exercise 25. 

Vous me parlez. You speak to me. 

Vous m'avez parle. You have spoken to me. 

Vous ne m'avez pas parle. You have not spoken to me, 

Ne m'avez- vous pas parle? Have you not spoken to me? 



FIRST EXERCISES. 43 

entendre, to hear la robe, the dress 

j'entends, 1 hear les habits, (m.), the clothes 

il entend, he hears propre, clean sale, dirty 

vous entendez, you hear mouille, wet 

entendu, heard une cage, a cage 

voir, to see un oiseau, a bird 

il voit, he sees un serin, a canary-bird 

pouvez-vous, can you siffler, to whistle 

je peux, I can admirer, to admire 
se flatter, to flatter one's self 

1. Me voyez-vous? Oui, je vous vois. 2. M'entendez-vous? 
Oui, je vous entends. 3. M'avez-vous vu? M'avez-vous 
entendu? 4. Je vous ai vu et entendu. 5. Je vous ai parle, 
mais vous ne ni'avez pas repondu. 6. Ne m'avez-vous pas 
entendu ? Pourquoi ne m'avez-vous pas repondu ? 7. II nous 
voit et il nous entend. 8. II ne nous a pas repondu ; il ne 
nous a pas entendus. 9. Avez-vous vu votre mere ? Elle desire 
vous voir ; elle vous cherche. 10. Elle vous a rapporte quel- 
que chose. Vous a-t-elle donne quelque chose? 11. Elle ne 
m'a encore rien donne" ; elle ne sait pas ou je suis. 12. Je vais 
voir ma mere ; elle desire me voir. 13. Pouvez-vous m'enten- 
dre? Oui, je peux vous entendre. 

1. I see; I see you; you see me; you see us. 2. I have seen; 
I have seen you ; you have seen me ; you have seen us. 3. I 
have not seen ; I have not seen you ; you have not seen me ; 
you have not seen us. 4. Have you ; have you seen ; have 
you seen me; have you seen us? 5. Have you not; have you 
not seen ; have you not seen me ; have you not seen us ? 6. Can 
you see ? Can you see me ? 7. I can see you ; you can see me. 
8. I cannot see; I cannot see you; you cannot see me. 9. Can 
you not? Can you not hear me? Can you not hear us? 

10. I have not spoken to you because I have not heard you. 

11. You listen; you listen to me; I listen to you. 12. I give 
you a book; I give a copybook to you. 13. I look for some- 
thing; I look for you; I have looked for you. 14. I pray you; 
you pray me ; you ask me for something. 



44 FIRST EXERCISES. 

29. 

Voici la rose, je la vois. 

The is translated by le, la, les, as said in Exercise 4. 

Hiin, her, tliem are also translated by le, la, les which 
are generally placed before the verb. In this case, le, la, les 
are called pronouns, because they are used instead of a noun. 

To him and to her are both translated by lui, and to 
them by leur, which are also placed before the verb. 

After any proposition (other than to) use lui, elle, eux, 
elles, as in Exercise 25. 

Voici la rose; la voyez-vous? Sere is the rose; do you see it? , 

Voici les enfants; je les entends. Sere are the children; I hear them e 

Je desire leur parler. 1 ivish to speak to them. 

Ne leur avez-vous pas parle? Save you not spoken to them? 

un chat, a cat line poule, a hen 

un rat, a rat un poulet, a chicken 

une souris, a mouse un dindon, a turkey 

un loup, a wolf un pigeon, a pigeon 

un renard, a fox un lievre, a hare 

un lion, a lion une perdrix, a partridge 

un tigre, a tiger un cerf, a deer 

la chasse, the hunting tuer, to kill 

un. chien, a dog attraper, to catch 

1. Voyez-vous ma sceur? Oui, je la vois. 2. L'entendez- 
vous? Oui, je l'entends ; je l'entends parler. 3. Avez-vous vu 
votre ami? Oui, je l'ai vu, je lui ai parle. 4. Avez-vous ecrit 
a votre pere ? Je lui ai ecrit, mais il ne m'a pas encore repondu. 
5. Connaissez-vous ces messieurs? Oui je les connais; je les 
vois tous les jours. 6. Vous avez apporte des roses ; pour qui 
sont-elles ? 7. Je vous domie cette rose ; voici une rose blan- 
che ; je la donne a votre soeur. 8. Je lui dorme aussi cette 
rose rouge. 9. Le chat a attrape une souris; voyez, il la 
mange. 10. Mon pere a etc a la chasse; il a tue douze per- 
drix ; nous les avons inangees. . - . 



FIRST EXERCISES. 45 

1. You see the rose; you see it. I see it; it is very pretty. 

2. I see the loses; you see them too. They are very beautiful. 

3. Here are the children; do you see them? Do you hear 
them? 4. I speak to them ; they hear me. 5. I have spoken 
to them, they have heard me. 6. They have not heard me; 
they have not answered me. 7. Can you hear? Can you 
hear them? Will you speak to them? 8. Can you not hear 
them? Can they not hear us? Will you not speak to them? 

9. See my canary bird; do you see it? It is in the cage. 

10. Do you hear it? It sings very well. 11. Do you know 
these ladies? Yes, I know them; I speak to them every day. 
12. Will you go to church with me? Do you desire to speak 
with them? 13. Your mother likes (the) flowers; I have 
brought these roses for her. 14. I give you tins bouquet for 
her. Does your sister like flowers? 



30. 



Y, to that, to it, in it, there, and en, of qy from that, of or 
from it, from there, are also placed before the verb. 
En is often used when a noun is understood. 

Have you any bread? — 1 have. Avez-vous du pain ? — J'en ai. 

Have you an orange? Avez-vous une orange? 

I have one. J'en ai une. 

I have a large one. J'en ai une grosse. 

Y is omitted with the Future or the Conditional of aller. 

I am going there; I shall go there. J'y vais; j'irai. 
Will you go there too? Irez-vous aussi? 

voyager, to travel pour, for, in order to 

un voyage, a voyage cueillir, to gather, to pick 

travailler, to work un baton, a stick 

le travail, the work une canne, a cane 

uu lac, a lake un panier, a baslcei 



46 FIRST EXERCISES. 

une montagne, a mountain une corbeille, a basket 
le bois, the wood une pierre, a stone 

le champ, the field un caillou, a pebble- stone, a flint 

la riviere, the river un neuve, a {great) river 

f aire un voyage, to travel 

1. Avez-vous ete a Paris ; Oui, j'y ai ete. 2. Nous avons 
6te en France et en Angleterre. 3. Vous y avez ete aussi, 
n'est-ce pas? 4. Avez-vous ete en Suisse? Oui, nous y avons 
ete. 5. Nous avons ete en bateau sur le lac et nous avons 
monte sur les montagnes. 6. Allez-vous au theatre ce soir? 
Oui, j'y vais. 7. Avec qui y allez-vous? J'y vais avec mon 
pere et rna mere. 8. Avez-vous ete a la poste? Oui, j'en viens. 
9. Avez-vous rapporte des lettres? Oui, j'en ai deux pour 
vous et une pour votre soeur. 10. II n'a pas de patience, et 
vous n'en avez pas non plus. 11. £tes-vous la? J'y suis. 
12. Nous irons au bois pour cueillir des cerises. 13. J'irai 
avec vous. 14. Vous pouvez y venir, si vous voulez. 15. Le 
chien joue avec le chat ; les voyez-vous? 

1. Do you like to travel? Yes, very much. t 2. Were you 
in Europe? Yes, I was there. 3. Were you in Switzerland? 
Yes, I was there. 4. With whom were you there? 5. I was 
there with my father and my mother. 6. When will you go 
there again (encore) ? 7. I shall go there again in (dans) two 
years. 8. Are you going to the park with me ? 9. Yes, I am 
going there with you. 10. Have you been to school this 
morning? 11. I come from it. I shall go there again to mor- 
row. 12. Were you in the wood? Yes, I was there. 13. Did 
you cut a nice stick? Yes, I cut a pretty one. 14. Did you buy 
a walking-stick? Yes, I bought a nice one. 15. Did. you eat 
strawberries in the wood? Yes, we found many. 16. Have 
you brought any for me? 17. No, we did not bring any for 
you. 18. We did not bring any basket with us ; we forgot it, 
but we picked some violets for you. 19. There are many 
flowers in the fields ; I would like to pick some for my cousin. 
20. Will you come with me? I will go with you if you do not 
go near (ores de) tke i'ive& 



FIRST KXKKCISKS. 



47 



31. 



Se flatter, to flatter one's self. 
1 flatter myselj 



n. nousflattons, tee flatter ourselves 
v. VOUS flattez, you flatter your.se/ res 



je me flatte 

tu te flattes, thou tl... thyself 

il se flatte, he flatters himself ils se flattent, they flatter themselves 

ellese flatte, she flatters herself ellesse flattent, they fl... themselves 

The compound tenses are conjugated with etre, to be. 



1 have flattered myself 
thou hast flattered thyself 
he has flattered himself 
she has flattered herself 
ive have flattered ourselves 
you have flattered yourselves 
they have flattered themselves 
they have flattered themselves 

se louer, to praise one's self 

s'admirer, to admire one's self 

se blamer, to blame one's self 

s'arauser,. to amuse one's self 

se reposer, to rest 

se porter, to be (of health) 

se tromper, to be mistaken 

se faeher, to get angry 

se depecher, to make haste, to hurry 



je me 


suis flatte, e 


tut' 


es flatte, e t 


ils' 


<~st flatte, 


elle s' 


est flatten, 


nous nous somnies flattes, es, 


vous vous 


etes flattes, es, 


ils se 


sont flattes 


elles se 


sont flattens 



croire, to believe 

je crois, I believe 

il croit, he believes 

vous croyez, you believe 

era, believed 

regarder, to look at 

tromper, to deceive 

la glace, the looking glass 

le pardon, the pardon 



asseyez-vous, 



sit down 



1. Regardez dans cette glace; qu'est-ce que vous voyez? Je 
me vois. 2. Je me regarde et je me vols ; il se regarde et il se 
voit. 3. Nous nous regardons et nous nous voyons ; vous vous 
regardez et vous vous voyez. 4. lis se regardent et ils se 
voient. 5. Cette demoiselle s'admire beaucoup ; je crois qu'elle 
se flatte. 6. Vous vous trompez, Monsieur, vous ne la con- 
naissez pas. 7. Elle ne s'admire pas ; elle n<? se flatte jamais ; 



48 FIRST EXERCISES. 

elle est trSs modeste. 8. Je vous deinande pardon, je me suis 
tronipe\ 9. Cet homme s'est trompe, il ne desire pas nous 
tromper. 10. Comment vous portez-vous? Comment se porte 
Monsieur votre pere? 

1. I see; I see myself; you see; you see yourself. 2. He 
sees ; he sees himself ; she sees ; she sees herself. 3. We look 
in the looking-glass; Ave see ourselves; do you see? Do you see 
yourself? 4. You deceive that lady : you deceive us ; you have 
deceived us. 5. I am mistaken, you are mistaken, he is mis- 
taken, she is mistaken. 6. I am mistaken, Madam. I beg 
your pardon, Sir, you are not mistaken, but you deceive me. 
7. Can you believe that? Can you believe him? I did not 
believe (or I have not believed) him. 8. These children like 
to play; they amuse themselves very much. 9. They have 
amused themselves, they have not finished their exercises. 
10. We blame ourselves ; we also blame you because you have 
been careless. 11. Be (or remain) quiet, or I am going to get 
angry. 12. How do you do? How is your father? He is 
very well, thank you. 



32. 



When interrogative, wlio and wliom are both translated by 
qui, and whose by h qui. 

Before a noun or a pronoun, he is, she is (it is) are trans- 
lated by c'est, and they are by ce sont. 



qui veut, wlio will or want appartient, 

qui peut, wlio can est, is, or 

c'est mOi, it is I or I am un eventail, a fan 

c'est iui, it is he or he is un porte-monnaie, a pocket-book 

c'est elle, it is she or she is une bourse, a purse 

certainement, certainly un parapluie, an umbrella 

sans doute, ivithout doubt une ombrelle, a parasol 

peut-etrc, perhaps il est ne, lie was (is) bom 

presque, nearly, almost elle est nee, she was born, 



FIRST EXERCISES. 49 

1. Qui est ee garcon? (Test mon frere. 2. Qui est cette 
filled C'est ina scaur. 3. Qui sont cc* enfants? Ce sont nos 
cousins et nos cousines. I. Qu'est-ce que cela? C'est un livre. 

6. Et cela, qu'est-ce que c'est ? (Test un cahier. 6. A qui est 
cc livre? C'est a moi. 7. Et ce cahier, a qui est-il? C'est a 
ma soeur. 8. A qui appartient cette maison? C'est a mon 
oncle. 9. Qui veut etudier? Qui veut aller jouer? 10. Qui 
peut repondre a ma question? Qui peut 6cr\re cet exercice 
sans faute? 11. Vous etes plus jeune que lui. Qui a dit cela? 
12. C'est votre voisin. II se trompe; il s'est trompe\ 13. Voici 
un canif ; H qui appartient-il? C'est a moi. 14. Voici Charles, 
i I est presque aussi grand que vous. 

1. Who is there? It is I. 2. Who is in the garden? It is 
my brother. 3. Who is that boy ? He is my cousin. 4. Who 
is that girl? She is my cousin. 5. Whom have you seen in 
the garden? I have seen my sister and my cousin Helen. 
(5. To whom have you given the roses? To my cousin. 

7. Whose book is this? It belongs to me. 8. Whose house is 
this? It belongs to my father. 9. Whose umbrella is this? It 
is mine {or to me). 10. Will you lend it to my friend? Cer- 
tainly, with pleasure. 11. Have you finished your exercise? 
No, not yet ; but I have nearly finished. 12. I believe that 
my exercise is without any mistake. 13. Perhaps ; show me 
your exercise. It is very well done. 14. Whose fan is this? 
It belongs to my sister. 15. Who gave her that pretty fan? 
It is my uncle. 16. Who are these ladies? They are our 
neighbors. They are very pretty. 

33. 

When relative, who is translated by qui, and whom by que; 
lohose or of whom is translated by clout. 

As there is no neuter gender in French, the relative pro- 
nouns which and that are also translated by qui when subject, 
and que when object ; of which is translated by clont. 

After a preposition, who is translated by qui, and which by 
lequel, laquelle. See page 81. 



50 FIRST EXERCISES. 

on vend, they sell payer, to pay 

de l'encre, ink couter, to cost 

des enveloppes (f.), envelopes combien, Jwiv much 

du fil, thread un franc, a franc 

des aiguilles (f.), needles mi centime, a centime 

des epingies (f.), pins un sou, a cent 

du coton, cotton un marche, a market, a bargain 

de la laine, wool bon marche, cheap 

de la soie, silk un magasin, a store 

1 . Voici un garcon qui est tres applique. 2. Voici une fille 
qui est tres appliquee. 3. Voici le garcon dont j'ai parle. 
4. Voici la fille dont j'ai parle. . 5. J'ai apporte un livre qui 
est tres interessant. 6. J'ai lu une histoire qui est tres inte- 
ressante. 7. J'ai lu le livre dont vous avez parle. 8. Le pro- 
fesseur a raconte 1'histoire dont vous avez parle. 9. Voici un 
garcon que je connais; voici une fille que je connais. 10. Voici 
le livre que j'ai achete; voici 1'histoire que j'ai lue. 11. Qui 
parle? De qui parlez-vous? A qui parlez-vous? 12. Qui 
voyez-vous? Qui regardez-vous? Qui louez-vous? Qui punis- 
sez-vous? Qui avez-vous puni? 13. Voici la petite fille qui est 
bien sage et que nous aimons bien. 

1. A boy who studies ; a girl who studies. 2. A boy whom 
I praise ; a girl whom. I praise. 3. A boy of whom I speak ; a 
girl of whom I speak. 4. To whom do you speak? Of whom 
do you speak? 5. Here is the book which is interesting. 
6. Here is the book which I have read. 7. Here is the story 
which is interesting. 8. Here is the story which I have read. 
9. Here is the book which costs one franc. 10. Here is the 
book which I desire. How much is this book? 11. In this 
store they sell some silk which is good and cheap. 12. Here is 
some silk [for] which I have paid one dollar. It is cheap, is it 
not so? 13. Who is the lady who has bought the silk? 

14. Who is the lady who is so pretty and whom you admire? 

15. Where is the book which I have lent you? 16. Here is a 
story of which I have spoken to you. 17. There is the store 
where you can buy some wool and silk. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 



51 



34. 



Cardinal Numbers. 

The last letter in cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf, dix, is sounded, 
but it is silent when directly followed by a noun or adjective 
beginning with a consonant. 



1, u n 


11, onze 


21, vingt et im 


2, deux 


12, douze 


22, vingt-deux 


3, trois 


13, treizc 


23, vingt-trois 


4, quatre 


14, quatorze 


24, vingt-quatre 


5, cinq 


15, quinze 


25, vingt-cinq 


6, six 


16, seize 


26, vingt-six 


7, sept 


17, dix-sept 


27, vingt-sept 


8, huit 


18, dix-huit 


28, vingt-huit 


9, neuf 


19, dix-neuf 


29, vingt-neuf 


0, dix 


20, vingt 


30, trente 


arante ; 50, 


cinquante ; 60, 


soixante; 70, soixante-dix 



71, soixante et onze 

72, soixante-douze 

73, soixante-treize 

74, soixante-quatorze 

75, soixante-qiiinze 

76, soixante-seize 

77, soixante-dix-sept 

78, soixante-dix-huit 

79, soixante-dix-neuf 

80, quatre-vingt 

81, quatre-vingt-un 
90, quatre-vingt-dix 



91, quatre-vingt-onze 

92, quatre-vingt-douze 

93, quatre-vingt-treize 

94, quatre-vingt-quatorze 

95, quatre-vingt-quinze 

96, quatre- vingt-seize 

97, quatre-vingt-dix-sept 

98, quatre-vingt-dix-huit 

99, quatre- vingt-dix-neuf 

100, cent 

101, cent un 
1000, mille 



"Write mil instead of mille for dates of the christian era. 
Notice that et, and, is used only in 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71. 

In the year 1899=En mil huit cent quatre-vingt-dix-neuf. 

1. Savez-vous compter? Oui, je sais compter. Lisez et 
ecrivez ces nombres: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100. 
2. —110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200.— 3.— 11, 22, 



52 



FIRST EXERCISES. 



33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99, 111, 222, 333, 444, 555, 666, 777, 888, 
999.-4.-99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90, 89, 78, 67, 56, 45, 

34, 23, 12.— 5.— 1234, 2 345, 3 456, 9 876, 8 765, 7 654, 4 567^ 
15 678, 87 651.— 6.— 234 567, 765 432, 999 999, 888 888, 555 555 
111 111, 333 333.— 7.— 1 234 567, 2 345 678, 4 567 890, 7 890 123 
9 012 345, 199 876 543.— 8.— 70 070 070, 401 101 201, 99 009 909, 
1 900 900, 2 000 000, 999 888 999.— 9.— II est ne en 1879; elle est 
nee en 1889. — 10. — Grande Exposition universelle a Paris 
en 1900. 



35. 



Ordinal numbers are formed by adding ieine to the cardi- 
nal, except premier, first. 

In, after ordinal numbers, is translated by de {of). 



Ordinal Numbers. 

6th, sixienie 
7th, septieme 
8th, huitieme 
9th, neuvieme 
10th, dixieme 



1st, premier 
2nd, deuxieme 
3rd, troisieme 
4th, quatrieme 
5th, cinquieme 



11th, onzieme 
le premier 
la premiere 
le dernier 
la derniere 



La derniere de la classe, the last one in the class. 



voulez-vous, will you, do you want dix fois, ten times 



je veux, 1 will, 1 want 

il yeut, he will, he wants 
je Tondrais, I would like 
Tons Tondriez, you would like 
compter, to count 
jusqu'a, up to, until 
par, by; pour, for 



plnsieurs fois, several times 

qnelqnefois, sometimes 

nne fois, once 

il fait, lie or it makes 

ils font, they make, they do 

la classe, the class 

la tete, the head 



1. Jeanne est la premiere de la classe ; Marie est la deuxieme. 
2. Elise est la troisieme et Louise est la quatrieme. 3. Mar- 
guerite est dans la premiere classe et Jeanne est dans la 
seconde classe. 4. Helene est la premiere de la premiere 



FIRST EXKRCISKS. 53 

classe. 5. Voulez-vous compter jusqu'a vingt? 6. Je vou- 
drais compter jusqu'a cent. 7. Comptez dix par <li.\ ; comptez 
cinq par cinq. 8. Dix et dix font vingt; vingt et trente font 
cinquante. 9. Deux fois un font deux, deux fois deux font 
quatre, deux fois trois font six, deux fois quatre font huit, 
deux fois cinq font dix. 10. Deux fois six font douze, deux 
fois sept font quatorze, deux fois huit font seize, deux fois neuf 
font dix-huit, deux fois dix font vingt. 

1. My brother is first in the class, I am second, you are 
third, and your sister is fourth. 2. I am in the second class ; 
my sister is in the first class. 3. Who is first in the first class? 
Who is last? 4. Will you count? Yes, I would like to count 
up to one hundred. 5. Count two by two; now count three 
by three. 6. Count four by four; five by five; ten by ten. 
7. How much cost your penknife ? It costs two francs. 8. Five 
and ten are (make) fifteen; fifteen and twenty are (make) 
thirty-five. 9. Forty and thirty are seventy, and fifteen are 
eighty-five. 10. Six times six are thirty-six, six times seven 
are forty-two. 11. Six times eight are forty-eight, six times 
nine are fifty-four ; six times ten are sixty. 12. Six times eleven 
are sixty-six, six times twelve are seventy-two 



36. 



In French, the names of clays and months do not begin 
with a capital. 

dimanche, Sunday 
hmdi, Monday jeudi, Thursday , 

mardi, Tuesday vendredi, Friday 

mercredi, Wednesday samedi, Saturday 

le lundi, on Mondays 

Janvier, January mai, May septembre, September 

fevrier, February juin, June octobre, October 

mars, March juillet, July novenibre, November 

avril, April aout, August decembre, December 



54 FIRST EXERCISES. 

For dates, use cardinal numbers, except for the first day of 
the month. 

For princes, use cardinal numbers, except for the first one ; 
second, second is used when there is no third one. The article 
the is not translated. 

Before days and dates, on is not translated. 

La semaine derniere, last week. La derniere semaine, the last week: 
L'annee derniere, last year. La derniere annee, the last year. 

La semaine prochaine, next week. La semaine suivante, the following 
L'annee prochaine, next year. week. 

Le mois prochain, next month. L'annee suivante, if/ie following year. 

un jour, a day un present, a present 

un mois, a month un eadeau, a present 

un an, a year Noel, Christmas 

une fete, a feast, birthday les etrennes, New- Year's gifts 

hier, yesterday deja, already 

aujourd'hui, to-day enfin, at last 

demain, to-morrow la fin, the end 

1. Le premier Janvier, le deux Janvier; Louis I er , Louis II 
(deux), Louis XVI (seize). 2. J'ai deux lecons de piano par 
semaine : le lundi et le jeudi. 3. Janvier est le premier mois 
de l'annee ; decembre est le dernier. 4. C'est bientdt le vhigt- 
cinq decembre; c'est la fete de Noel. 5. C est bientdt le pre- 
mier jour de Tan ; le jour ou papa me donnera mes etrennes. 
6. L'annee derniere j'ai recu beaucoup de cadeaux. 7. Le 
trente et un decembre est le dernier jour de l'annee. 8. En 
quelle ann6e etes-vous nee, Louise? Dans quel mois? Quel 
jour du mois? 9. Quel jour est-ce aujourd'hui? C'est mer- 
credi. 10. Quel jour du mois avons-nous? Aujourd'hui c'est 
le vingt et un. 

1. One week has seven days; one month has four weeks ; 
three months have thirteen weeks. 2. What day is it to-day? 
It is Monday ; it is the twenty-first of January. 3. February 
has twenty-eight or twenty-nine days ; April, June, September 
and November have thirty days. 4. January, March, May, 



FIRST RXBRCISES. 56 

.July, August, October and December have thirty-one days. 
5. Last week I have seen my uncle and my aunt. This week 
is the last week of this year. 6. The first of January is the 
first day of the year. 7. I have broken your penknife ; it is 
the first time that (que) I break something. 8. And it is the 
last time that I lend you my penknife; it is a present from my 
father. 9. In what year were you born? In what month? 
What day of the month? 10. How old are you? I am four- 
teen years old. Are you already fourteen? 



37. 



There are a few expressions in which the French use avoir, 
to have, with a noun, while the English use to be with an 
adjective. 



la faim, the hunger 
la soif, the thirst 
la raison, the reason 
le tort, the wrong 
la peur, the fear 
la honte, the shame 
le sommeil, the sleep 
l'age, the age 
le chaud, the warmth 
le froid, the cold 



j'ai faim, I am hungry 

j'ai soif, I am thirsty 

j'ai raison, / am right 

j'ai tort, 1 am ivrong 

j'ai peur, 1 am afraid 

j'ai honte, I am ashamed 

j'ai sommeil, 1 am sleepy 

quel age avez-vous, how old are you 

j'ai chaud, I am warm 

j'ai froid, 1 am cold 



1. Avez-vous faim? Oui, j'ai faim. 2. Avez-vous soif? Oui, 
j'ai soif. 3. Avez-vous donne de l'eau a mon serin? 4. II n'a 
pas d'eau; il a soif; pauvre petit oiseau. 5. Vous avez oublie 
mon oiseau ; vous avez tort ; vous avez grand tort. 6. J'ai peur 
de ce chien ; il est mediant. 7. Je suis fatigue, j'ai sommeil ; 
j'ai assez etudie. 8. Voulez-vous aller jouer? Pas lnaintenant, 
j'ai faim. 9. Vous avez raison, mangez quelque chose. 

10. Nous avons bien joue; nous nous sommes bien amuses. 

11. Mais nous avons faim et nous sommes fatigues. 12. J'ai 
froid ; le the est froid ; donnez-inoi du the bien chaud. 



56 FIRST EXERCISES. 

1. I am hungry; you are thirsty. 2. He is hungry; she is 
thirsty. 3. G-ive me some tea, some hot tea. This tea is cold, 
it is nearly cold. 4. You are right; ask for some hot tea. 
Give me another cup of tea. 5. Mary is tired ; she is hungry 
and thirsty ; she is also sleepy. 6. I am cold ; you give me 
some cold tea. This tea is nearly cold. 7. How old are you? 
I am already thirteen years old. 8. You are not old; Henry 
is older than you. 9. I am younger than Henry, but Henry 
is already in the first class and I am still in the second. 10. I 
am right and he is wrong. You are always wrong. 11. Here 
is a dog; lam afraid. Why are you afraid? 12. That is a 
bad dog ; it has bitten (mordu) my brother. 13. I am tired, 
I am going home now. You are already tired ! 14. At last 
you are here. You are hungry, are you (n'est-ce pas) ? 15. Yes, 
I am hungry and thirsty. 

38. 

How to tell the time. 

Until half past, we say the hour and add the minutes. 

It is five minutes past eight. 12 est huit heures cinq. 
After half past, we say the next hour less the minutes. 

Twenty minutes to nine. Neuf heures moins vingt./ 

Quelle heure est-il? What time is it % 
II est deux heures. It is two o" 1 clock. 

II est deux heures cinq minutes. It is fine minutes past two. 
or il est deux heures cinq. It is five minutes past two. 
II est deux heures dix. It is ten minutes past two. 
II est deux heures et quart. It is a quarter past two. 
II est deux heures vingt. It is twenty minutes past two. 
II est deux heures vingt-cinq. It is 25 minutes past two. 
II est deux heures et deniie. It is half past two. 
II est trois heures moms vingt-cinq. It is 25 m. to three. 
II est trois heures moins vingt. It is twenty minutes to three, 
II est trois heures moins im quart. It is a quarter to three. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 57 

II est trois heures moins dix. It is ten minutes to three. 
II est trois heures moins cinq. It is five minutes to three. 
II est trois heures. It is three o'clock. 

Midi, midday; niinuit, midnight. 
11 est tard. It is late. 
II est de bonne heure. It is early. 
Vous arrivez de bonne heure. You arrive early. 
Vous arrivez tard. You arrive late. 
Vous etes en retard. You are late. 
Vous etes en avance. You are early. 
Ma montre avance. My watch advances {is fast). 
Ma montre retarde. My watch is slow. 

Mettez ma montre a, Fheure. Put my watch at the {right) time. 
L'heure juste. The right time. 

avant, before a droite, to the right 

apres, after a gauche, to the left 

pendant, during en liaut, up stairs, above 

vite, quickly en bas, down stairs, down 

allons, Id us go par ici, this way 

du bruit, noise par la, that way 

1„ What time is it? It is ten o'clock ; it is ten minutes past 
ten. 2. It is nearly half past ten. Look at (regardez a) your 
watch. 3. It is already twenty-five minutes to eleven. 4. It 
is late, I am going home. Your watch is fast. 5. No, my watch 
is not fast; I have the right time. 6. I believe that your 
watch is late. Put your watch at the right time. 7. On Mon- 
days I go to school early ; but on Tuesdays I arrive late. 8. I 
always arrive before you, because you do not walk quickly. 
9. Will you go this way or that way? Come this way; it is 
shorter. 10. Now will you go to the right or to the left? 
11. Let us go to the left; let us go quickly, it is late. 12. Let 
us go up stairs ; you make much noise ; do not make any noise. 
13. I am going to study my lessons; and you? 14. I am going 
to write my exercise and after that I would like to read an 
interesting story. 15. I believe that you have many mistakes 
in your exorcise ; you have written it very quickly. 



58 FIRST EXERCISES. 

39. 

In speaking of the weather, translate it is by il fait (it 

makes). 

How is the weather f Quel temps fait-il? 

Jt is fine weather. II fait beau or il fait beau temps. 

It is warm; it is cold. II fait chaud ; il fait froid. 

It rains; it has been raining. II pleut; il a plu. 

It snows ; it has been snowing. II neige ; il a neige\ 

It is freezing ; it has been freezing . II g&le; il a gele. 

It is thundering ; it has been thundering. II tonne ; il a tonne\ 

It is lightening ; it has been lightening. II fait des eclairs ; il 
a fait des Eclairs. 

The ram, la pluie; the snow, .la neige; the ice, la glace; the 
thunder, le tonnerre. 

Tlxe sun in out. II fait du soleil. 

It is windy and dusty. II fait du vent et de la poussiere. 

It is foggy. II fait du brouillard. 



un orage, a storm une saison, a 

un nuage, a cloud la campagne, the country 

le printemps, Spring au printemps, in the Spring 

l'ete, Summer en ete, in Summer 

1' automne, Fall en automne, in Fall 

l'hiver, Winter en hiver, in Winter 

l e Quel temps fait-il? II fait beau temps. 2. Allons jouer 
dans le jardin, voulez-vous? 3. II fait chaud; je pr^fere rester 
ici et lire une histoire. 4. Au printemps il fait beau temps ; il 
y a beaucoup de fleurs et de fruits. 5. En ete il fait chaud; 
sou vent il fait tres chaud ; vous allez a la campagne. 6. En 
automne il ne fait pas si chaud ; il fait un temps agreable. 
7. II y a des pommes, des poires, des p^ches et du raisin dans 
les jardins. 8. En hiver il fait froid ; il y a de la neige et de la 
glace. 9. Fait-il beau temps aujourd'hui? Oui, il fait du 
soleil. 10. II fait du vent; il fait de la poussi&re; il est trds 
desagr6able de sortir par ce vilain temps. 



FIHST KXERCISKS. 



M 



1. It is warm to-day; it is flue weather. 2. It rains and it is 
windy ; it is a disagreeable weather. It is cold, it is freezing; 
I am very cold. 3. There are clouds; it is windy and dusty. 
4. That is a storm; do you hear the thunder? 5. It is thunder- 
ing; it is lightening; now it rains. 6. My sister is afraid of the 
(du) thunder. 7. I too am afraid of the thunder. 8. It is 
bad weather, it is foggy. 9. The four seasons are: Spring, 
Summer, Fall and Winter. 10. Where have you been last 
Summer? 11. Last year we have been in France and Switzer- 
land. 12. This Summer I am going to Newport. 13. In 
Spring there are many flowers and fruits. 14. In Fall there 
are peaches, apples and pears. 15. In November there are 
many grapes. 16. I have bought some grapes to-day ; here 
are some grapes for you. 



40. 



The Imperfect of avoir and etre. 



j'avais, 
tu avais, 
il avait, 
nous avions, 
vous aviez, 
ils avaient, 



] avais en, 



I had 
thou Jiadst 
he had 
toe had 
you had 
they had 

I had had 



j'Stais, 
tu 6tais, 
il £tait, 
nous etions, 
vous etiez, 
ils etaient, 

j'avais 6te, 



I was 
thou wast 
he was 
we were 
you were 
they were 

I had been 



il y avait, there was or there were 



je voulais, Iwasioilling 
j'ai voulu, 1 wanted 
je faisais. I was doing 
souvent, often 
rarement, seldom 
d'abord, at first 
ensuite, then, afterwards 
autrefois, formerly 



il faut, it is necessary 
travailler, to work 
necessaire, necessary 
le monde, the world 
tout le monde, everybody 
du monde, some people, company 
quelque chose, some thing 
une chose, a thing 



60 FIRST EXERCISES. 

1. Pourquoi n'avez-vous pas achete le livre que je vous ai 
demanded 2. Parce que je n'avais pas d'argent sur moi. 

3. Lorsque j'ai voulu payer, je n'ai pas trouve" mon porte- 
uionnaie dans ma poehe. 4. Je ne l'avais pas perdu, raais je 
l'avais laisse" a la maison. 5. II y avait beaucoup de monde 
dans ]e magasin. 6. Quand j'etais petit j'avais des images et 
des joujoux. 7. Maintenant j'ai des livres et deseahiers; il 
faut etudier. 8. Hier j'etais malade, je n'ai pas etc a l'ecole 
9. Quand j'etais jeune j'etais souvent le premier de 2a classe et 
j'avais des prix. 10. Autrefois nous avions une maison a- la 
campagne ; nous avions aussi un grand jardin. 

1. I have, I had; he has, he had. 2. She has, she had; we 
have, we had. 3. You have, you had ; they have, they had. 

4. I have had, I had had ; you have had, you had had. 5. I 
am, I was; we are, we were. 6. He is, he was; she is, she was; 
you are, you were. 7. Is she? was she? are you? were you? 

8. I have been, I had been ; she has been, they had been. 

9. You have been, you had been; have you been? had you 
been? 10. I have bought something ; I wanted to pay. 11. He 
has bought something ; he wanted to pay. 12. He had for- 
gotten his pocket-book ; he had left it at home. 13. Formerly 
we had a house in the country ; we had much money and many 
Mends ; we had much pleasure. 

41. 

The Future of avoir and §tre. 

j'aurai, I shall ham je serai, 1 shall he 

tu auras, thou wilt ham tu seras, thou wilt be 

il aura, he will have il sera, ho toill be 

nous aurons, we shall have nous serons, we shall be 

vous aur.ez, you will have vous serez, you will be 

ils auront, they will have ils seront, they will be 

j'aurai en, I shall have had j'aurai ete, I shall have been 
il y aura, there will be 



FIKST EXERCISES. CI 

irez-vous, will you go le matin, (in) the morning 

j'irai, I shall go le soir, (in) the evening 

viendrez-vous, will yon come a midi, at noon 

je viendrai, 1 will come a minuit, at midnight 

je ferai, 1 shall do ce matin, this morning 

tout de suite, right away ce soir, this evening, to-night 

aussitot que, as soon as cette nuit, this night 

tout a l'heure, by and by hier soir, yesterday evening 

immediatement, immediately cet apres-midi, this afternoon 

1 . Quand vous aurez le temps, vous viendrez au pare avec 
nous, n'est-ce pas? 2. Oui, j'irai au pare aussitot que j'aurai 
fini. 3. Aussitot que je serai pret j'irai vous chercher. 4. Lors- 
que je serai grande j'aurai de jolies robes. 5. Le matin j'irai 
au pare ; l'apres-midi j'irai voir mes amies, et le soir j'irai au 
theatre. 6. Viendrez-vous me voir ce soir? II y aura beau- 
coup de monde chez nous. 7. Je vais demander a maman ; 
j'irai si maman le veut. 8. Voulez-vous me preter votre exer- 
cice aussitot que vous l'aurez fini? 9. Je veux bien, mais ne le 
montrez a personne. 10. Le professeur sera niecontent s'il 
sait que vous avez copie votre exercice. 

1. I have, I shall have; Ave have, Ave shall have. 2. Thou 
hast, thou Avilt have, thou wilt be. 3. You haA T e, you Avill 
have, you Avill be. 4. He has, he will have, he Avill be. They 
(M.) have, they Avill have; they will be. 5. She has, she Avill 
haA r e, she will be. They (f. ) have, they Avill haA r e, they will 
be. 6. My mother will be pleased ; my sisters Avill be pleased. 
7. I haA r e money, I shall go to the theatre. Will you come 
with me. 8. I will not go to-night, because there will be com- 
pany (du monde) at our house. 9. I Avill go next Friday with 
my mother. 10. Come to our house to-night, we shall be very 
pleased to see you. 11. I will go to the park to-morrow morn- 
ing. Will you come too? 12. I will go too, as soon as I shall 
haA^e finished my lesson. It Avill be a little after eleven o'clock. 
13. You will come. You Avill have much pleasure, and Ave Avill 
be very happy. 14. When I Avas small I had many playthings, 
I had much pleasure ; but now it is necessary to study. 



62 



FIRST EXERCISES. 



42. 



The Conditional of avoir and §tre. 



j'aurais, 
tu aurais, 
il aurait, 
n. aurions, 
v. auriez, 



/ should have 
thou wouldst have 
he would have 
we should have 
you would have 



ils auraient, they would have 



]e serais, 
tu serais, 
il serait, 
n. serions, 
v. seriez, 
ils seraient, 



j'aurais eu, I should have had; j'aurais 6t6, I 
il y aurait, there would be 



I should be 
thou wouldst be 
he would be 
we should be 
you would be 
they toould be 

should have been 



j'irai, 1 should go 
vous iriez, yon would go 
je viendrais, 1 should come 
vous viendriez, you ivould come 
je ferais, I should do 
vous fcriez, you would do 
le temps, the time 
le soin, the care 



mettre, to put 

je mets, I put 

vous mettez, you put 

j'ai mis, I have put 

permettre, to permit, to allow 

je permets, I permit 

vous permettez, you permit 

permis, permitted 



1. J'aurais beaucoup de plaisir si j'etais riche. 2. Si vous 
6tiez riche, vous n'auriez pas plus de plaisir que vous avez. 
3. II faut aussi etudier quand on est riche. 4. Si j'avais le 
temps, je ferais mon exercice ce soir. 5. Pourquoi voudriez. 
vous faire votre exercice ce soir? 6. Demain c'est samedi; si 
j'avais fini mes lecons aujourd'hui, j'aurais toute la journSe 
(day) de samedi pour jouer et m'amuser. 7. Si ce jardin etait 
a moi, il serait beaucoup plus joli; j'aurais beaucoup de fleurs. 
8. Si vous aviez des fleurs, elles seraient bientdt fanees, paree 
que vous n'auriez pas soin de ies arroser a temps. 

1. I have, I had, I should have, I should be. 2. I should 
come, I would go if I were (was) ready. 3. He had, she had ; 
he would have, she would have. 4. She had, she would be, she 
would go, she would come. 5. They (f.) had, they would 
have, they would be, they would go. 6. You had, you would 



FIRST EXERCISES. 63 

have, you would be, you would like. 7. They Cm.) had, they 
would have, they would be, they would go, they would come, 
they would like. 8. If you had time, you would come with 
me, would you (n'est-ce pas) ? 9. If I had flowers, I would 
have care to water them every day. 10. If you permit me to 
go with my cousins, I shall be very pleased. 11. We should 
go to the park and we would have much pleasure. 12. If you 
had finished all your lessons, I should have allowed you to go 
to the park with your friends. 

43. 

To form the plural of nouns and adjectives ending in au or 
en, add x to the singular. 

Nouns ending in al change ill to anx. 
The principal exceptions are : 

bleu, blue, bleus ceil, eye, yeux 

bal, ball, bals ciel, heaven, cieux 

carnaval, carnival, carnavals aleul, ancestor, aYeux 

Notice the plural of the following nouns in ail: 

detail, detail, details bail, lease, baux 

eventail, fan, ev entails corail, coral, coraux 

travail, work, travaux email, enamel, 6maux 

un cheval, a horse un oiseau, a bird 

un animal, an animal un couteaii, a knife 

un journal, a newspaper un cadeau, a present 

un general, a general un chapeau, a hat 

egal, equal un chateau, a castle 

liberal, liberal un bateau, a boat 

principal, principa un jeu, a game 

un sujet, a subject un feu, a fire 

une loi, a law un neveu, a nephew 
je n'ai plus, J have no more 

1. Le cheval est un animal utile ; les chevaux sont des ani- 
iiiaui utiles. 2. J'ai uu oiseau dans une cage; U y a des 



64 FIRST EXERCISES. 

oiseaiix dans le jardin. 3. Les jeux des enfants sont tres amu- 
sants ; les grandes personnes elles-memes aiment les jeux des 
enfants. 4. A qui sont ces chapeaux? lis sont a vos neveux. 
5. Avez-vous lu les principaux details de cette affaire ? 6. Je 
n'ai pas encore eu le temps de lire les journaux. 7. Tous les 
sujets sont egaux devant (before) la loi. 8. Voici la principale 
rue de la ville ; voici les principales rues de la ville. 9. Les 
principaux travaux ont ete termines la semaine derniere. 
10. Un homme liberal, des homines liberaux; une loi liberale, 
des lois liberates. 11. Cette petite fille a les yeux bleus et les 
cheveux blonds ; elle est bien gentille. 

1 . The horse is strong and useful ; the horses are strong and 
useful. 2. The birds are pretty ; they are also useful; I like 
the birds. 3. We have seen two beautiful blue birds in our 
garden. 4. Your nephews have blue eyes; your nieces (nieces) 
have also blue eyes. 5. My sister has a blue dress ; your sister 
has two blue dresses. 6. Last year we have received some 
beautiful presents at Christinas ; my aunt gave me (has given 
me) these fans. 7. The men are all equal before (devant) the 
law. 8. We have seen the palaces and the castles of the king. 
9. The generals have beautiful horses. Several of our ances- 
tors were generals. 10. Show me the principal street of the 
town. 11. Come with me then, I am going to show you the 
principal streets. 12. We are in the principal street ; you see 
the largest and richest stores in the city. 13. In this avenue 
you see the finest horses and the prettiest carriages. 



4:4. 



Nouns ending hi ou form their plural regularly except the 
following : 

bijou, jewel caillou, pebble chou, cabbage 

genou, knee hibou, owl joujou, plaything 

Do you see these pretty toys i Voyez-vous ces jolis joujoux? 
They cost Jive cents apiece. lis coutent cinq sous la piece. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 65 

un sou, a cent, a penny la vietoire, victory 

un filou, a pickpocket lecoarage, the courage 

un fou, a fool courageux, courageous 

un trou, a hole brave, brave; grave, gra>* 

un clou, a nail la bravoure, bravery 

un marteau, a hammer blesse, wounded 

une bataille, a battle une blessure, a wound 

un officier, an officer raeriter, to merit, to deserve 

un soldat, a soldier une recompense, a reward 

une armee, an army recompenses to reward 
il n'y a plus, there is or there are no more 

1. Un sou, deux sous ; un filou, des filous ; un fou, des f ous. 
2. Un bijou, des bijoux; un caillou, des cailloux; un clou, 
des clous. 3. Un hibou, des hiboux ; un trou, des trous ; un 
joujou, des joujoux. 4. Les enfants aiment les joujoux et les 
images. 5. Les demoiselles aiment les bijoux, les belles robes 
et les beaux chapeaux. 6. Avez-vous lu les details de la grande 
bataille? 7. Les officiers et les soldats ont 6te braves; ils 
seront loues et recompenses. 8. Le fils de notre voisin a re^u 
une blessure grave ; il a montre beaucoup de courage. 9. II 
aura une belle recompense ; il Fa bien nieritee. 10. Vous vou- 
lez vous amuser, n'est-ce pas ; voici un marteau et des clous. 

1. A hammer and a few nails ; some playthings and some 
jewels. 2. A grave wound, some grave wounds ; one officer 
and two soldiers. 3. A pebble, some pebbles ; an owl, some 
owls ; a hole, some holes. 4. The naughty boy, the naughty 
boys. The naughty girl, the naughty girls. 5. There were 
some pretty blue birds and some other beautiful buds in our 
garden. 6. Some naughty boys have thrown (jete) pebbles to 
the birds, and now there are no more birds in our garden. 
7. We have bought some playthings for the little boys, and 
some jewels for the young misses. 8. Here are five pennies to 
buy nails. Will you have enough nails ? 9. The general has 
rewarded the soldiers who have been brave. 10. Did you read 
(or have you read) the newspapers? The details of the battle 
are very interesting. 



66 FIRST EXERCISES. 

45. 

Feminine of adjectives continued. (See Exercise 8.) 

Adjectives ending in x change x to se. 
Adjectives ending in f change f to ve. 

Adjectives ending in en or on, el or eil, et, double the n 5 
1, t, and add e. 

heureux, happy attentif, attentive sujet, subject 

malheureux, unhappy actif, active reel, real 

delicieux, delicious vif, lively douteux, doubtful 

affreux, frightful paien, pagan dangereux, dangerous 

paresseux, lazy chretien, christian ambitieux, ambitious 

serieux, serious ancien, ancient plein, full 

genereux, generous cruel, cruel vide, empty 

jaloux, jealous mortel, mortal victorieux, victorious 

neuf, new {newly made, not yet used.) 

1. II est heureux, elle est heureuse ; il n'est pas malheureux, 
elle n'est pas malheureuse. 2. lis sont heureux, elles sont 
heureuses ; ils ne sont pas malheureux, elles ne sont pas mal- 
heureuses. 3. Ces raisins sont delicieux; ces peches sont deli- 
cieuses; ces fraises sont bien mures; elles sont excellentes. 
4. IL est attentif, ils sont attentifs; elle est attentive, elles sont 
attentives 5. II est chretien, ils sont Chretiens ; elle est chre- 
tienne, elles sont chretiennes. 6. II est cruel, elle est cruelle ; 
ils sont cruels, elles sont cruelles. 7. Tous les hommes sont 
mortels. Ce soldat a recu une blessure mortelle. 8. Nos sol- 
dats ont et6 victorieux ; notre armee a ete victorieuse. 9. Cette 
nouvelle est reelle ; cette nouvelle n'est pas douteuse. 

1. He is serious, they (m.) are serious ; she is serious, they (f.) 
are serious. 2. He is jealous, she is jealous; they (m.) are 
jealous; they (f.) are jealous. 3. A lazy boy, a lazy girl; lazy 
boys, lazy girls. 4. A generous gentleman, a generous lady; 
an ambitious man, an ambitious lady. 5. This boy is active, 
this girl is active ; these boys are active, these giris are active, 



FIRST EXERCISER. 67 

G. An ancient history, a great victory, a dangerous wound. 
7. The generals have been generous ; the enemies have been 
cruel. 8. Our armies have been victorious, our soldiers have 
been courageous. 9. This lady is pretty, kind and generous. 

10. These young ladies are beautiful, good and modest. 

11. These cherries are delicious; these grapes are delicious. 

12. These children are careless and lazy, their mother is not 
happy. 13. I have finished this book ; bring me a new book. 
14. My book was torn and dirty ; that is why I have bought a 
new book. I like my books [to be] clean. 



46. 



A few adjectives form their feminine irregularly ; the prin- 
cipal ones are : beau, nouveau, vieux, gros, sot, long, gentil, 
already given in Exercise 10, and the following: 

doux, sweet, soft, douce gras, fat, grasse 

faux, false, fausse las, tired, lasse 

inquiet, anxious, inquiete bas, low, basse 

discret, discreet, discrete epais, thick, epaisse 

secret, secret, secrete frais, fresh, fraiche 

complet, complete, complete blanc, white, blanche 

fou, foolish, crazy, folle franc, frank, franche 

favori, favorite, favorite sec, dry, seche 

malin, malicious, maligne public, public, publique 

aigu, sharp, aigue grec, Greek, grecque 

1. II est doux, elle est douce; ils sont doux, elles sont douces. 

2. II est faux, elle est fausse ; ils sont faux, elles sont f ausses. 

3. II est las, elle est lasse ; ils sont las, elles sont lasses. 4. II 
est franc, elle est franche ; ils sont francs, elles sont tranches. 
5. II est blanc, ils sont blancs; elle est blanche, elles sont 
blanches. 6. Elle est gentille, elles sont gentilles; il est gentil, 
ils sont gentils. 7. Une fete publique ; des fetes publiques ; un 
edifice public, des edifices publics. 8. Une femme patriotique, 
des f emmes patriotiques ; un homme patriotique, des homines 
patriotiques. 9, II a la voix fausse ; elle a la voix donee. 



68 FIRST EXERCISES. 

1. A favorite flower ; a favorite book. 2. A false voice ; a 
sweet voice. 3. He is old, they (m.) are old; she is old, they (f.) 
are old. 4. Your mother will be anxious, your father will be 
anxious. 5. These boys are malicious; these girls are mali- 
cious. 6. She is beautiful, they (f.) are beautiful; he is beauti- 
ful, they (m.) are beautiful. 7. We have learned ancient 
history. 8. I have a complete history of France. 9. Bring 
me some fresh water. 10. This meat is very fat. 11. The 
Italian language (langue) is softer than the German language. 

12. The Greek language is richer than the Latin language. 

13. Here is a fine white hat and a beautiful white dress. 

14. Here are some beautiful white hats and some beautiful 
white dresses. 15. This thread is too (trop) thick ; that silk is 
too thick. 16. These needles are not sharp enough; these 
pencils are not sharp enough. 17. It has been raining ; your 
dress is wet ; it is not yet dry. 



47. 



A few adjectives have an unaccented e before, the last eon- 
sonant; they take a grave accent in the feminine. — Ex. : fler, 
fiere, proud. 

regulier, regular nombreux, numerous 

princier, princely civil, civil 

grossier, coarse, rough vil, vile, base 

leger, light, slight heroique, heroic 

lourd, heavy, clumsy patriotique, patriotic 

amer, bitter energique, energetic 

bref, brief, short artistique, artistic 

royal, royal, regal comique, comic 

general, general poetique, poetical 
faire une promenade, to talce a walk 

1. II est regulier, ils sont reguliers ; elle est reguliere, elles 
sont regulieres. 2. II est leger, ils sont legers ; elle est legere, 
elles sont legeres. 3. II est grossier, elle est grossiere ; ils sont 



FIRST EXERCISES. CO 

grossiers, elles sont grossieres. 5. Dans la gramiiiaire, il y a 
beaucoup de regies g6n6rales et beaucoup d'exceptions. 6. II 
n'y a pas de regie sans exception. 7. Je connais plusieurs 
regies g6n6rales qui n'orit pas d'exceptions. 8. Ces lemons sont 
faciles, inais il y a plusieurs lecons qui sont tres difficiles. 
9. Ces bancs sont durs ; je voudrais avoir une chaise. 10. La 
laine est legere; le coton est lourd. 11. Cet liomme a la voix 
breve ; il n'est aime* de personne. 12. TJn jardin public, une 
place publique ; un homme 6nergique, une f emine energique. 

1. Mary has been the first in the class, her sister has been 
(the) last. 2. My dear father and my dear mother, my dear 
brothers and my dear sisters. 3. She is beautiful, but she is 
too proud. 4. Your sister is not attentive ; she will never be 
first in the class. 5. These apples are bitter ; these oranges 
are sour ; these grapes are sour. 6. This girl will be first or 
second, it is sure. 7. Her mother is very happy because her 
children are so diligent. 8. Do you know the general rules? 
Did you learn the exceptions? They are numerous. 9. Will 
you take a long walk? I cannot, I am tired. 10. .Have you 
seen the public gardens of that city? They are beautiful. 
11. There are beautiful public walks in that city. 12. Are 
the men as patriotic now as formerly? 13. That man is patrio- 
tic, that woman is patriotic. 

48. 

The Past Participle, when used with etre, agrees exactly 
like an adjective. — II est sorti, elle est sortie; ils sont sortis, 
elles sont sorties. 

A few verbs of going and coming are used with etre in 
French, while they are used with to liave in English. 

il est arrive, he has arrived il est parti, he has gone aivay 

il est alle, he has gone il est sorti, he has gone out 

il est venu, he has come il est entre, he has entered 

il est revenu, he has come bach il est reste, he has remained 

il est tombe, he has fallen 



70 FIRST EXERCISES. 

vite, quickly en riant, in laughing 

lentement, slowly en pleurant, in crying 

doueement, gently, softly au lieu de, instead of 

ensemble, together cependant, however 

seul, e, alone pourtant, however 

en meme temps, at the same time en courant, in running 

allons, let us go 

1. Nous avons marche lentement, cependant nous sommes 
arrives avant lui 2. Elle est partie en riant, elle est revenue 
en pleurant. 3. Ma petite sceur est tombee en courant ; elle a 
couru trop vite. 4. Cette bonne mere est bien aim6e de ses 
enfants. 5. Ou votre sceur est-elle a!16e? Elle est allee voir 
ma tante. 6. N'est-elle pas encore rentree? Je pensais 
qu'elle serait ici a quatre heures et demie. 7. Avec qui est- 
elle sortie ? Elle est sortie seule. 8. J'ai ouvert la i enetre et 
j'ai fernie la porte. 9. Maintenant la fenetre est fermee et la 
porte est ouverte ; f ermez la porte, s'il vous plait. 10. Mon 
pere et ma m&re sont alles a la campagne. 11. lis sont partis 
ce matin ; ils ont achete une grande maison. 12. Mon frere a 
voulu courir trop vite, il est tombe. 

1. My father and my brother have gone to Europe. 2. My 
mother and sister have gone to the country. 3. Has your 
mother come back? 4. Did your mother and sister come 
back? 5. Yes, they have come back, but they went to see my 
aunt. 6. My mother has come back alone ; my sister remained 
with my aunt. 7. This little girl has fallen in running. 8. Who 
has written this letter? This letter is well written. 9. The 
door is open ; who has opened the door. 10. That boy always 
leaves the door open. 11. The soldiers have been brave ; they 
will be rewarded. 12. Several soldiers have been killed : many 
soldiers have been wounded. 13. The generals have rewarded 
the brave soldiers. 14. The town has been burned ; (the) war 
is a horrible thing. 1 5. My brothers have come to the wood 
with us; we have gathered many violets. 16. We (f.) have 
come back without my brothers ; they came back late ; they 
arrived home at half past eight. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 71 

49. 

The Past Participle, when conjugated with avoir, is 
variable only when preceded by a direct object. Then it 
agrees in gender and number with that direct object. 

Who has written these letters ? Qui a 6crit ces lettres? 

I lorote them. C est moi qui les ai 6crites. 

Bid you read them ? Les avez-vous lues ? 

In reflexive verbs, the Past Participle must be considered 
as if it were conjugated with avoir. 

They (f) have seen each other. Elles se sont vues. 
Tliey have spoken to each other. Elles se sont parle\ 

un gant, a glove un pardessus, an overcoat 

un voile, a veil un habit, a coat 

une voilette a {small) veil un col, a collar 

un manchon, a muff une manchette, a cuff 

un ruban, a ribbon une bottine, half -boot 

une cravate, a cravat un Soulier, a shoe 

un mouchoir, a handkerchief une pantoufle, a slipper 

une robe, a dress, a gown mcttez, put on 

un manteau, a cloak tirez, take off, pull 
tout a, l'heure, (future) presently, by and by, (p&st)jicst now 

1. Avez-vous vu les roses de mon jardin? 2. Oul, je les ai 
vues, elles sont tres belles. 3. A qui avez-vous donne une 
rose? 4. J 'en ai donne* une a ma cousine. 5. Voyez-vous ces 
belles fleurs? Mon ami les a envoy^es a ma sceur. 6. Vous 
avez la une jolie voilette ; ou l'avez-vous achetee? 7. Je l'ai 
achetee au Louvre. 8. J'en avais deux, j'ai donne l'autre a 
ma cousine. 9. Voyez quelle jolie robe j'ai achetee a Paris. 
Elle n'est pas chere du tout. 10. Je l'aurais pay6e le double 
ici; j'ai vu la pareille ehez Mme Miller. 11. Avez-vous recu 
malettre? Oui, je l'ai recue ce matin. 12. Ces deux petites 
filles ne se sont pas parle depuis huit jours. 13. Pourquoi 
sont-elles fachees? Probablement pour une bagatelle. 



n 



FIRST EXERCISES. 



1. He has written, she has written; they (m.) have written, 
they (f.) have written. 2. He has come, she has come; they 
(m.) have come, they (f.) have come. 3. He is loved, she is 
loved; they (m.) are loved, they (f.) are loved. 4. She has 
bought some gloves; she has lost them. 5. Where did you 
lose them? I think (that) I lost them in the car (le tramway). 

6. Have you learned your lesson? Yes, I have learned it. 

7. Did you write your exercises? Yes, I wrote them. 8. I 
wrote them last night ; they were easy. 9. Where did you put 
your (small) veil? I left it in my room. 10. Has your sister 
gono out? 11. Not yet, I saw her in the garden a little while 
ago (tout a l'heure). 12. I spoke to her a few minutes ago. 



50. 



To form the comparative of an adjective, use plus, wore, 
or moins, less, before the adjective; than is translated 
by que. 

II est plus grand que vous. Re is taller than you. 

To form the superlative of an adjective, use le, la or les 

before the comparative; in after a superlative is translated 

by de, of. 

Marie est la plus grande de laclasse. Mary is the tallest in the class. 

As— as is rendered by aussi— que. 

Elle est aussi grande que moi. She is as tall as I. 



bon, good 

meilleur, better 

le meillenr, best 

mauvais, bad 

plus mauvais. worse 

pire, worse 

le plus mauvais, the worst 

le pire, the worst 

allumer, to light 



une habitude, a habit 

horrible, horrible 

le tabac, tobacco 

la fumee, the smoke 

fumer, to smoke 

un cigare, a cigar 

une cigarette, a cigarette 

une pipe, a pipe 

une allumette, a match 



Je vous souhaite une bonne sante. I wish you a good health. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 73 

1. Notre maison est plus grande que la maison de mon 
oncle. 2. C'est la plus grande maison de la ville. 3. Vous 
avez fait an bon exercice; il est nieilleur que l'exercice de 
votre frere ; c'est le nieilleur exercice de la classe. 4. Le niois 
de mai est le plus beau mois de l'ann6e. 5. Je suis tres lieu- 
reuse aujourd'hui. C'est le jour le plus heureux de ma vie. 

6. Ma robe est aussi belle que votre robe ; mais votre cliapeau 
n'est pas aussi beau que mon cliapeau. 7. On dit que le tabac 
est un poison; on dit que c'est une mauvaise habitude. 8. La 
cigarette est plus mauvaise pour la sante* que le cigare ou la 
pipe. 9. Fumez-vous? J'ai d'excellents cigares. 

1. The cigar is better than the cigarette. 2. The Havana 
cigar is the best. 3. Do you smoke? Will you have a cigar? 
Take a cigar. 4. Have you a match? Give me a match, 
please. 5. The French matches are not as good as the English 
matches. 6. The American matches are the best in the world. 

7. Do not smoke the pipe; it is a horrible habit. 8. Do not 
smoke cigarettes ; they are very bad for the health. 9. My health 
is better now than formerly. 10. My mother's health is not as 
good this year as last year. 11. This winter has been very 
severe (rigoureux) ; it is the most severe minter which we had 
for many years. 12. This man is our neighbor; he is the 
richest man in the town. 13. His wife is the most beautiful 
woman in the town. 

51. 

Adverbs are compared the same as adjectives ; but adverbs 
being invariable, the superlative is always le plus, le moins 
(never la). 

Be careful and translate better by niieux, when it is an 
adverb, i. e. , when it modifies a verb. 

After adverbs of quantity such as combien, beaucoup, trop, 
peu, assez, plus, moins, etc. , also after nouns of quantity and 
measure, de is used before the following noun or adjective. 
The teacher has many pupils. Le maitre a beaucoup d'eleves. 
He has much patience. II a beaucoup de patience. 



74 FIRST EXERCISES. 

bien (adverb), well une paire, a pair 

mieux, better une douzaine, a dozen 

le mieux, best un metre, a meter 

tant, so much, so many un litre, a liter 

autant, as much, us many un bouteille, a bottle 

la voix, the voice un verre, a glass 

l'appetit, appetite un morceau, apiece 

aimer mieux, to like better un panier, a basket 

preferer, to prefer une livre, a pound 
J'aime mieux ceci que cela. / like this better than that, 

1. II fait beau ; il fait du soleil. Le temps est plus beau 
aujourd'hui qu'hier; le soleil est plus chaud. 2. Comment 
allez-vous aujourd'hui? Je vais bien; je vais mieux qu'hier. 
3. Ma sante est assez bonne ; ma sante est meilleure que l'ann^e 
passe"e. 4. Vous parlez bien frangais ; vous parlez mieux que 
votre f r£re. 5. Votre prononciation est bonne ; elle est beau- 
coup meilleure maintenant que le mois dernier. 6. J'ai achete 1 
une douzaine de mouchoirs, une paire de gants et dix metres 
de soie. 8. Voulez-vous prendre un verre de vin avec un bis- 
cuit? 8. Prenez une tasse de cafe avec un morceau de gateau. 
9. Avez-vous autant de patience que moi? Avez-vous autant 
de livres et de cahiers que moi? 

1. You speak French pretty well; you speak better than 
your sister. 2. Tour exercises are not very good ; your sister's 
exercises are better. 3. These apples are better than these 
pears. 4. I like peaches better than apples ; I like strawber- 
ries best. 5. Helene has a good voice; she sings better 
than I. 6. Her voice is better than my voice. She has the 
best voice in the class. 7. She sings the best in the class. 
8. You have many mistakes in your exercise. 9. You have 
more mistakes than Louise; Louise has less mistakes than 
you. 10. How are you to-day? Thank you, I am better than 
yesterday. 11. My appetite is better than yesterday. 12. I 
have bought a pound of candy for my mother, I also bring 
(to) her a bunch of violets. 13. Here is a small basket of 
strawberries and two pounds of cherries. 14. Give me a glass 
-of water or a cup of milk ; I am thirsty. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 75 

52. 

In comparing nouns as more courage than patience, de must 
also be used before the second noun. 

II a plus de courage que de patience. He lias more courage than 

patience. 
II mange autant de poires que de pommes. He eats as mmiy pews 

as ajjpies. 

Than, before a number, is translated by de# 

J'ai plus de cinq francs. I have more than five franc*. 

du courage, courage de l'etoffe, stuff, cloth 

de la patience, patience du drap, cloth 

de l'experience, experience de la toile, linen 

de l'instruction, instruction de la dentelle, lace 

du talent, talent [luck une qualite, a quality 

du bonheur, happiness, good superieur, superior 

de la fortune, fortune inferieur, inferior 

des manieres, maimers tacher, to soil, to spot 

l'education, education tacher, to endeavor, to try 
Davantage, more, cannot be used with que nor with a preposition. 

1. Avec du courage et de la patience on arrive a tout. 2. II 
est difficile d'arriver a quelque chose sans instruction et sans 
experience. 3. Get homme a plus de courage que de patience. 
4. II a plus d'experience que d'instruction. 5. II a autant de 
bonheur que de fortune ; il a eu plus de chance que de talent. 
6. Si vous aviez autant de courage que votre voisin, vous 
auriez autant de chance que lui. 7. II faut tacher d'avoir une 
bonne Education et de bonnes manieres. 8. II y a des homines 
qui ont beaucoup d'instruction et pas de bonnes manieres. 

9. Ce drap coute plus de dix francs plus que cette toile. 

10. Cette dentelle coute plus que je ne veux depenser. 11. II 
a beaucoup d'argent, mais elle en a da vantage. 

1. You have no patience; you have not much courage. 
2. I have more courage and patience than you. 3. Our neigh- 



% FIRST EXERCISES. 

bor has not much instruction, but he has courage and patience 
and now he has a large fortune. 4. He has been very lucky 
(il a eu beaucoup de chance), it is true; but he had (a eu) as 
much courage as patience. 5. He has much intelligence and 
experience and has also good manners. 6. That young man 
has more fortune than talents. 7. He knows very little, learns 
nothing and is very proud ; he is a foppish fellow. 8. How 
much money did you spend? I have still ten francs in my 
pocket-book. 9. You spent much more money than I did. 
10. We spent more than one hundred francs. 11. We bought 
more cloth than silk; the silk costs more than the cloth. 
12. You do not buv as many pears as apples. 13. We have 
good manners ; we have as good manners as you. 

53. 

The demonstrative pronouns agree in gender and num- 
ber with the noun for which they stand. 

This or that is translated by celui when standing for a 
masculine noun, and by celle when standing for a feminine 
noun. 

These or those is translated by ceux when standing for a 
masculine noun, and by celles when standing for a feminine 
noun. 

To mark the difference expressed in English by this and that, 
we use ci (for ici), here, or la, there, after the noun, or after 
the pronoun celui, celle. 

When celui, celle are followed by qui, que, dont, or by de, a, 
we do not use ci, la. 

Tliis or that house. Cette maison-ci ou cette maison-la. 

Tliis garden or that one. Ce jardin-ci ou celui-la. 

Wliich books, these or those ? Quels livres, ceux-ci ou ceux-la. 
Tlwse which are on the table. Ceux qui sont sur la table. 

The one followed by which, who, whom or by of, from is 
translated by celui, celle. Notice that one is not translated 
after any adjective or pronoun. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 77 

le proprietaire, the landlord loner, to let, to rent 

mi hotel, an hotel prendre, to take 

lc concierge, the porter je prends, I take 

nn appartement, an apartment la clef, the hey 

nnc chambre, a bedroom le balcon, the balcony 

un salon, a parlor [room la vuo, M« sight, the view 

nne salle a manger, « dinintj- arretcr, to stop 

nne cuisine, a kitchen descendn, come down, stopped 

sur la conr, on the court-yard garcon, ivaiter boy 

1. Cette maison-ci est plus bolle que celle-la. 2. Ce jardin- 
ci est plus grand que celui-la. 3. II y a plusieurs hotels dans 
cette rue ; celui-ci est plus grand que celui-la. 4. Voici encore 
un hotel ; je pense qu'il est plus joli que les autres. 5. Voulez- 
vous descendre a cet hotel-ci? Je crois que nous y serons bien. 
6. Descendez a celui-la; vous y serez mieux. 7. Nous desirous 
deux chambres et un salon. 8. Cette chambre-ci est plus 
grande que celle-la. 9. Celle-ci donne sur la rue, et celle-la 
sur la cour. 10. Passez sur le balcon ; cette chambre a une 
vue magnifique sur les boulevards et sur les jardins. 11. Prenez- 
vous cet appartement a la semaine ou au mois? 12. Je le 
prends seulement pour huit jours. 

1. This key is too large; that one is too small. 2. This 
apartment is too dear ; that one is too small. 3. These rooms 
are pretty ; this one is larger than that one. 4. This one is 
looking (donne) on the street, that one is looking on the gar- 
den. 5. Take both rooms, then you can have a fine view on 
the garden and a still finer view on the boulevards. 6. This 
room has a balcony, that one has no balcony. 7. How much 
is that apartment? I take it for one week. 8. If I like it, I can 
keep it for a longer time. 9. Will you have something? Sit 
down; what will you have? 10. Waiter, two coffee with cream. 
11. This coffee is better than the one (celui) which we had this 
morning. 12. We ordered cream and they brought us milk. 
13. These hotels are good, but those in (de) New York are 
much better. 14. The one where we stopped was the best ; it 
was also a very large one. 



78 FIRST EXERCISES. 

54. 

"When this or that stands for a sentence, or for something 
not named before, it is translated by ce, or by ceci, this 
(thing), cela, that (thing). 

Instead of ce, write c' before est or etait. 

When the pronoun it does not stand for a noun nor for a 
sentence, it is translated by il ; but when it can be changed to 
that, it is translated by ce. 

It rains, it is a pity. U pleut, c'est dommage, 

savoir, to know apprendre, to learn 

jouer a un jeu, to play a game j'apprends, 1 learn 

aux dominos, dominoet il apprend, he learns 

aux dames, checkers vous apprenez, you learn 

aux echecs, chess appris, learned 

aux cartes, cards decider, to decide 

a la balle, hall bouger, to move 

au ballon, foot-hall une dame (of checkers), a queen 

au billard, billiards un pion (of checkers), a man 
cela n& fait rien, that does not matter 

1. Vous avez raison ; c'est certain. 2. II a tort ; ce n'est pas 
douteux. 3. II faut 6tudier pour savoir (to know) quelque 
chose. 4 II est certain qu'un enfant paresseux n'apprend 
rien. 5. Ce que vous dites est bien vrai. 6. Je dis ce que je 
pense et je pense ce que je dis. 7. II ne faut pas toujours 
dire ce que Ton pense. 8. II fait beau temps ; il fait du soleil. 
9o II est neuf heures et demie ; il n'est pas tard. 10. Allons 
f aire une promenade, si cela vous fait plaisir. 11. Volontiers ; 
cela m'est tres agitable ; c'est decide. 12. II neige ; il y aura 
beaucoup de neige pour samedi. 13. Qu'est-ee que vous nous 
avez rapporte? 14. Devinez si vous pouvez; ceci est pour 
vous et cela est pour votre sceur. 

1. Is that good? Yes, it is very good. 2. Is it true? Yes, 
it is true. 3. Here is a flower ; it is beautiful. 4. I give you 
this book ; it is very amusing. 5. Eat this orange ; it is sweet ; 



FIRST KXKROISKS. 



79 



it is not bitter. 6. Learn this lesson; it is not very hard. 
7. Write this exercise ; it is easy. 8. If you study well, you 
will have a prize ; it is not doubtful. 9. You have been care- 
less, that is evident. 10. I was in a hurry, because I had no 
time ; it is not my fault. 11. It is raining; it is bad weather; 
it is a pity. 12. You can stay at home and read or play. 
13. It would be more agreeable to go for a walk. 14. Yes, 
that is sure, but it is not possible to-day. 15. I know it well ; 
will you play checkers or dominoes? 16. It is sure I will lose; 
you play better than I. 17. That does not matter. We play 
to amuse ourselves, we do not play for money. 18. Do you 
know what (ce que) I have in my hands? 19. This is a domino 
and that is a (checker) man. 



55. 



The possessive pronouns agree in gender and number 
with the noun for which they stand. 





MASCULINE. 


FEMININE. 


mine 


=le mien, 


les miens, 


la mienne, 


les miennes 


thine 


=le tien, 


les tiens, 


la tienne, 


les tiennes 


his, her 


s=le sien, 


les siens, 


la sienne, 


les siennes 


ours 


=le notre, 


les notres, 


la notre, 


les notres 


yours 


=le vdtre, 


les vdtres, 


la vdtre, 


les vdtres 


theirs 


=le leur, 


les leurs, 


la leur, 


les leurs 




It is mine. 


C'est a moi, 


or c'est le mien. 





ma chambre, my room 

un secretaire, a writing-desk 

un piano, a piano 

une chaise, a chair 

un banc, a bench 

un fauteuil, an armchair 

un sofa, a sofa 

une lampe, a lamp 

un lit, a bed 



la lumiere, the light 

electrique, electric 

l'electricite, electricity 

presser, to press 

le bouton, the button 

le gaz, the gas 

la pendule, the clock 

la cheminee, the chimney 

voyez-vous clair, do you see 



80 FIRST EXERCISES. 

1. Voici votre place ; voila la inienne. Voiei ma place ; voila 
la votre. 2. Votre livre et le mien; mon livre et le vdtre. 
Vos livres et les miens ; mes livres et les v6tres. 3. Ma robe et 
la votre ; votre robe et la mienne. Mes robes et les votres ; vos 
robes et les miennes. 4. Charles aime bien son p§re et sa 
mere; Marie aime bien son pere et sa mere. 5. Avez-vous 
apporte votre parapluie ? Moi, j'ai apporte le nrien. 6. Marie 
a apporte le sien ; Charles a apporte" aussi le sien. 7. Louise a 
dechire sa robe ; Henriette a aussi dechire la sienne. 8. Ces 
enfants aiment bien leur pere et leur m§re. 9. Vous aimez 
vos parents, nous aimons les ndtres. 10. J'aime mieux ma 
maison que la votre, et vous aimez mieux la vdtre. 

1. My room and yours ; your room and mine. 2. My piano 
and yours ; your piano and mine. 3. Your chair is stronger 
than mine ; my chair is prettier than yours. 4. Your hat is 
prettier than hers ; her hat is richer than yours. 5. Your hat 
is larger than his ; his hat is smaller than yours. 6. Here are 
our books; where are theirs? Here are their books; where are 
ours? 7. I gave you your books and I gave (to) them their 
books. 8. You have lost yours and they have lost theirs. 
9. Our horses are finer than yours; your horses are faster 
(courent plus vite) than mine. 10. My sister is older than his 
sister ; his sister is younger than mine. 11. Your sister is pret- 
tier than his ; but his is richer than yours. 12. Whose gloves 
are those? They are not mine ; they are your sister's. 13. Here 
is her parasol (ombrelle, F,), there are yours and mine. 



56. 



The interrogative pronoun which one or which is trans- 
lated by lequel, lesquels, when it stands for a masculine noun, 
and by laquelle, lesquelles, when it stands for a feminine 
noun. 

Which, as a relative pronoun, is translated by qui or que 
(Exercise 33) ; but after a preposition, it is translated by le- 
quel or laquelle. 



FIRST KXERCTSFS. 



81 



Do not forget to contract de and si with le or les in 
lequel, etc. 



Which owe=lequel, 
Of which =duquel, 
To which =auquel, 



lesquels r laquelle, lesquelles. 

dcsquels, de laquelle, desquelles. 
auxquels, a laquelle, auxquelles. 



Here are two roses; which one 

do you prefer ? 
Here is the booh which I bough t. 
Here is the copy-book in which- 

I wrote. 

une voiture, a carriage 

un cocher, a driver, a coachman 

a la course, by the course 

a l'heure, by the hour 

la rue, the street 

la place, the place, the square 

le boulevard, the boulevard 

le riuraero, the number 

demeurer, to live, to dwell 



Voici deux roses, laquelle prefe- 

rez-vous ? 
Voici le livrc que j'ai acheto. 
?oici le cahier dans lequel j'ai 

ecrit. 

pres d'ici, near here 

loin d'ici, far from here 

le pourboire, tip, gratuity 

courir, to run 

je cours, / run 

il court, he runs 

vous courez, you run 

couru, run 

accourir, to come running 



1. Voici trois jolies montres; laquelle pr6ferez-vous ? 2. Quelle 
montre est la ineilleure? Celle qui est la plus chere. 3. Quel 
vin preferez-vous, le vin de Bordeaux ou le vin de Bourgogne? 
4. Lequel voulez-vous faire venir? Celui auquel vous donnez 
la preference. 5. Descendez-vous a cet hotel? II est tres bon. 
6. De quel h6tel parlez-vous? Duquel parlez-vous? 7. Je 
parle de Tlidtel dans lequel nous somnies descendus la derniere 
fois que nous sommes venus ici. 8. Dans quel magasin avez 
vous achete la soie? De quelle soie parlez-vous? 9. De celle 
avec laquelle vous avez fait la robe de ma cousine Louise. 
10. Voici les plumes que je prefere ; ce sont les plumes avec 
lesquelles j'ai €crit mes lettres. 

1. Which school? Which one? Of which one? To which 
one? 2. Which houses? Of which? To which? S. To which 
one of these gentlemen did you speak ? 4. To which one of 
these ladies did you speak. 5. In which street do you live? 



82 FIRST EXERCISES. 

In which do you want to go? 6. Here is a large hotel; is it 
the one in which you want to stop? 7. Which of these rooms 
do you wish to take? 8. I do not know to which one of these 
rooms to give the preference. 9. I do not know the reason 
for which he left that hotel. 10. He has bought the house in 
which my uncle was living (demeurait). 11. My friend is a 
great artist ; I saw the picture to which he is working. 12. Here 
is the house I Avish to buy; how do you like (trouvez-vous) it? 
13. Here is the horse I have bought last week ; how do you 
like it? 14. Which one of these horses do you prefer? I prefer 
yours. 15. Driver, I take you by the hour; what time is it at 
your watch? What is your number? 16. If you go quickly, 
you will have a good tip. — All right, sir. 



57. 



What = qu'est-ce qui, qu'est-ce que, que, quoi, ce qui, ce que, 
quel. 

What, interrogative pronoun, is translated by qu'est-ce 
qui, when subject of the verb ; it is translated by qu'est-ce 
que or by que when object of the verb ; and by quoi, when 
after de, a, or any other preposition. 

What, standing for that which, is ce qui or ce que. 

What, adjective, is translated by quel, quelle. (Exer- 
cise 16.; 

Wliat is disturbing you ? Qu'est-ce qui vous derange? 

What do you want? Qu'est-ce que vous voulez? 

What do you ivant? Que voulez- vous? 

Of ivhat do you speak? De quoi paiiez-vous? 

Tell me what is disturbing you. Dites-moi ce qui vous derange. 

Tell me what you wish,. Dites-moi ce que vous desirez. 

Wliat lesson did you learn? Quelle lecon avez-vous apprise? 

Wliat a boy! What a girl! Quel garcon! Quelle fillel 

une image, an image voler, to fly, to steal 

le nom, the name nager, to swim 

un arbre, a tree sauter, to jump 



FIRST KXKKCISES. 83 

ime branche, a branch grimper, to climb 

unhid, a nest un ecureuil, a squirrel 

unc feuille, a leaf un poisson, a fish 

effrayer, to frighten unc chenille, a caterpillar 

agiter, to agitate de nouveau, again [more 

done, then, therefore encore line fois, again, once 
depechez-vous, make haste 

1. Qu'est-ce que cela? C'est un livre d'images. 2. Quel 
nom donnez-vous a cet animal? 3. Qu'est-ce que c'est que 
cela? C'est un nid. 4. Ou est le nid? Sur une branche 
d'arbre ; il est un peu cache dans les feuilles. 5. Qui est-ce 
qui fait ce bruit? C'est inon cousin. 6. Pourquoi faites-vous 
du bruit? Vous allez effrayer les oiseaux. 7. Qu'est-ce qui 
fait ce bruit? C'est le vent qui agite les feuilles. 8. Quoi! 
vous etes encore couche! A quelle heure vous levez-vous 
done? 9. Que voulez-vous! Je suis fatigue, je me repose. 
10. Qu'est-ce que nous allons faire? Ce que vous voulez. 11. Ce 
qui est utile n'est pas toujours amusant. 12. Celui qui tra- 
vaille est bien plus heureux que celui qui ne travaille pas. 
13. Ce que vous dites est vrai. 14. Qu'est-ce que vous pensez 
de ce garcon ? Quel paresseux ! 

1. What is that? What did you say? 2. What excuse do 
you give me again ! What (a) lazy boy you are ! 3. What do 
you think of that boy? 4. What do you want? What did you 
ask for? 5. What makes that noise? What noise did you 
hear? 6. What did you eat at breakfast? What do you wish 
to eat at dinner? 7. With what did you write this page? With 
what pens do you write ? 8. With those you bought me last 
week. 9. They are not good ; what will you do with them (en) ? 

10. Tell me what you wish ; you will have what you desire. 

11. If I had what I want I would be happy. 12. You forgot 
what I told you. 13. I know what is good for you. 14. Tell 
me, please ; what would be good for me? 15. On what tree 
did you find a nest? On what branch? 16. Here is the tree 
on which I found a nest. What nest was it? 17. Do you 
know what (the) birds like to eat? 



84 FIRST EXERCISES. 

58. 

The personal pronouns given in Exercises 28, 29 and 30, are 
called object-pronouns. Here is a table of them: 

1. me, te, se, nous, vous; 

2. le, la, les; 

3. lui, leur; 

4. y; 

5. en. 

As said before, they are placed immediately before the verb ; 
but, when the verb is in the affirmative Imperative, such as 
give me, speak to Mm, they are placed after the verb. Then 
we use moi, toi, instead of me, te. 

Give this booJc to him. Donnez-hii ce livre. 
Give it to my sister. Donnez-le a ma soeur. 
Do not give it to Mary. Ne le doimez pas a Marie. 

une visite, a visit, a call enchante, delighted 

sonner, to ring charme, charmed 

la sonnette, the hell ravi, ravished, delighted 

debout, up, standing bien aise, glad, very glad 

assis, sitting fache, sorry, angry 

envoyer, to send faeheux, sad, grievous 

j'envoie, 1 send regretter, to regret 

vous envoyez, you send la nouvelle, the news 

j'enverrai, I shall send rendre visite, to pay a visit 
Comment yous portez-vous? How do you do ? 

1. Si vous sortez, achetez-moi une paire de gants blancs. 
2. Achetez-en aussi une paire pour ma soeur. 3. Tres bien ; 
mais, dites-moi quel numero vous portez. 4. Voici vos gants 
et voila ceux de votre soeur; les trouvez-vous a. votre gout? 
5. Avez-vous vu votre amie depuis son retour? ]N"on, je ne 
l'ai pas encore vue. 6. Voulez-vous venir avec moi? Nous lui 
rendrons (will pay) une petite visite. 7. Volontiers, allons la 
voir. Ou. est la sonnette? La voici; sonnez 8. Je suis 
enchantee de vous voir; comment vous portez-vous? 9. As- 



FIRST EXKKCISES. 85 

seyez-vous done; otez votre manteau; mettez-le ici. 10. Je 
vous derange peut-etre. Pas du tout; vous ne me dSrangez 
iiullenient. 11. Comment va votre cousine? Elle va tres bien ; 
elle vous envoie ses amities. 

1. When you are in Paris, write to me often. 2. Tell 
(to) me, tell him, tell her; do not tell him, do not tell her. 
3. If you have any news, give some to my mother. 4. Go 
(and) see her; she will be happy to see you. 5. Tell her all 
(what) you know about my cousin. 6. We are delighted to 
see you ; how do you do? How is your brother? 7. He has 
been very sick, but he is better now. 8. Mary, have you been 
to the post-office? No, Madam, not yet. 9. Then go there 
right away. I am going there. 10. Louise, are you coming 
there with me? Come there with me. 11. Do you bring any 
letters for me? Yes, I have one for you; I have two for your 
mother. 12. Where is mine? Here it is; here are those of 
your mother. 13. This letter is from my brother; read it. 
14. Tou are standing and I am sitting ; sit down, you will be 
better (mieux). 15. I lend you this book; but keep it clean, 
do not lend it to anybody. 16. My aunt has come back, and 
she would like to see me this week. 



59. 



When two object-pronouns are used together, place them 
in the order given in the preceding lesson. 

In the affirmative Imperative, le, la, les are placed first ; 
and, for the sake of euphony, y-nioi, m'en are used instead 
of moi-y, moi-en. 

He gave them to me. II me les a donnes. 

He did not give them to me. II ne me les a pas donnes. 

Did y oil give them to me? Me les avez-vous donnes? 

Did you not give them to me? Ne me les avez-vous pas donnes? 

Do not give them to him. Ne les lui donnez pas. 

Give them to me. Donnez-les-moi. 

Give me some; give some to them. Donnez-m'en; donnez-lenr-en. 



86 FIRST EXERCISES. 

une bague, a ring garni, set, adorned, furnished 

un bracelet, a bracelet un diamant, a diamond 

une broehe, a brooch une perle, a pearl [stone 

des pendants, ear-drops, pendants une pierre precieuse, a precious 

des boucles d'oreille, ear-rings j'ai fait faire, I had something 

un collier, a necklace tout a fait, entirely [made 

un peigne, a comb exactement, exactly 

de For, gold comme, like, as 

de l'argent, silver une facture, a bill 

1. Avez-vous fait faire votre photographie? Oui, mais elles 
ne sont pas encore pretes. 2. Je ne les ai pas encore recues ; 
le photographe ne rue les a pas encore envoyees. 3. J'en ai 
cominande* deux douzaines; il m'en avait promis une demi- 
douzaine pour aujourd'hui. 4. S'il me les envoie, je vous en 
donnerai une. 5. S'il ne me les envoie pas aujourd'hui, je 
vous en enverrai une. 6. C'est cela ; envoyez-la-moi a Boston 
aussitot que possible. 7. Envoyez-m'en deux, une pour moi 
et une pour ma cousine. 8. Je vous y en enverrai deux la 
semaine prochaine sans f aute. 9. Ne m'oubliez pas ; si vous 
m'oubliez, je ne vous le par donnerai pas. 

1. What beautiful flowers you have! Give them to me. 

2. Do not give them all to me, but give me a few (of them). 

3. Do not give him any; give one flower to every girl. 4. Have 
you enough (of them) for all the girls? Yes, I have enough 
for them all. 5. Give them to them; do not give them to him. 
6. Give some to him ; give some to them. 7. Did you give 
them to him? Did you not give them to them? 8. Is my dress 
ready? Not quite ; here it is ; see, it is nearly finished. 9. If 
you wish so (le), I shall send it to your house to-morrow morn- 
ing. 10. All right, send it to me to-morrow morning early. 
11. Have you any more ribbon like this one? Yes, we have 
more (of it). 12. Well, send me a few meters (of it), and give 
me the price (of it) on the bill. 13. Charles has asked you 
[for] a book; why did you not lend it to liim? 14. I did not 
lend it to him because I have it no more ; I lend it to a friend. 
15. I will send it to him as soon as I have received it. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 87 

60. 

Finir, to finish. 
The Present (Indicative) : I finish, I am finishing, I do finish. 

je finis, I finish nous finissons, we finish 

tu finis, thoufinishest vous finissez, you finish 

il finit, he finishes ils finissent, they finish 

elle finit, she finishes elles finissent, they finish 

punir, to punish saisir, to seize 

remplir, to fill, to fulfil salir, to soil 

bath, to build reussir, to succeed 

obeir a, to obey divertir, to amuse 

desobeir a, to disobey cherir, to cherish 

choisir, to choose guerir, to cure 

rejouir, to rejoice perir, to perish 

reunir, to reunite agir, to act 

rougir, to blush, to redden une occasion, an occasion 

1. Voulez-vous finir? Je veux finir; je voudrais finir; je 
peux finir. 2. Je veux toujours ob&r a, mes parents. Je leur 
ob&s; vous ob£issez aussi aux votres. 3. Nous ob&ssons a nos 
parents ; nous nous rejouissons de leur f aire plaisir. 4. Nous 
saisissons 1' occasion de faire le bien; nous avons saisi cette 
occasion pour aider cette pauvre faniille. 5. Vous reussissez 
et je reussis ; il r^ussit et vos amis reussissent. 6. Le docteur 
m'a gueri ; il a gu6ri tous ses malades ; tous ses malades sont 
gueris. 7. Vous salissez votre robe, vous ne faites pas atten- 
tion oil vous marchez. 8. Vous serez puni si vous desobelssez ; 
avez-vous desobei a vos parents? 

1. You succeed, I do not succeed; you have succeeded. 2. I 
punish, you are punished; you punished, I am punished. 
3. You are building, he is building, they are building, he is 
building, they are building a large house. 4. Your neighbor 
has built a beautiful house. 5. His house is built exactly 
like my uncle's, 6. You like to rejoice your parents ; do you 



88 FIRST EXERCISES. 

rejoice them? 7. I have always rejoiced them, because I 
always have obeyed (to) them. 8. Why do you blush? I do 
not blush; I am warm. 9. Which ring do you choose? I choose 
the one set with diamonds. 10. You have chosen the dearest ; 
it is the one which I would have chosen myself. 11. I cherish 
my mother ; all (the) children cherish their mother. 12. If you 
cherish your mother, you obey (to) her ; if you obey her, you 
always succeed. 

61. 

Recevoir, to receive. 
The Present (Indie.) : I receive, I am receiving, I do receive. 

je recois, I receive nous recevons, we receive 

tu recois, thou receivest vous recevez, you receive 

il recoit, Tie receives ils recoivent, they receive 

elle recoit, she receives elles recoivent, they receive 

j'ai recu, I have received, I received. 

Only six verbs are conjugated like recevoir. 

percevoir, to collect, to perceive concevoir, to conceive 

apercevoir, to perceive, to see devoir, to owe, must 

decevoir, to deceive re devoir, to owe still 

Devoir and redevoir have a circumflex in the Past Participle masculine 
singular : du, redu. 

vouloir, to be willing prendre, to take 

pouvoir, to be able comprendre, to understand 

la volonte, the will apprendre, to learn 

le pouvoir, the power surprendre, to surprise 

le proverbe, the proverb prenez garde, take cat e 

le percepteur, the tax-collector je prends, 1 take 

les impots, taxes une esperance, a hope 

la-bas, yonder la paresse, laziness 

1. Recevez- vous souvent des lettres? Oui, j'en recois presque 
tous les jours. 2. J'en ai recu deux ce matin. Et vous, vous 
devez en recevoir beaucoup, car vous avez beaucoup d'amis. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 89 

3. II y a longtemps que 111011 i'rere doit avoir recu ma lettre ; je 
ne comprends pas pourquoi il ne m'a pas encore repondu. 
L Apercevez-vous quelqu'un la-bas? J'apercois quelque chose, 
mais je ne distingue pas tres bien. 5. Le percepteur percoit 
les impdts; il recoit beaucoup d'argent. 6. Concevez-vous 
une telle paresse? Vous ne savez rien et vous ne voulez rien 
apprendre. 7. Vouloir c'est pouvoir, dit le proverbe. 8. Avec 
de la volonte on arrive a tout. 

1. He receives and she receives letters. 2. I owe and you 
owe money; I do not owe any money; you do not owe any 
money. 3. He must pay the taxes ; you must pay the taxes. 

4. I do not believe that man, he deceives everybody. 5. I have 
been deceived in my hopes. 6. If you are willing, you can 
do it. 7. I am willing, he is willing ; we are willing, you are 
willing. 8. Do you receive? Yes, I do receive. 9. Look this 
way ; do you see ? 10. lam looking; I do not see anything; 
now I think (that) I perceive something yonder. 11. What 
do you perceive? What do you think you are perceiving? 
12. Can you understand ? Will you learn ? You must study ; 
you must learn this lesson. 

62. 

Vendre, to sell. 
The Present (Indicative) : 1' sell, I am selling, I do sell. 

je vends, I sell nous vendons, we sell 

tu vends, thou sellest vous vendez, you sell 

il vend, he sells ils vendent, they sell 

elle vend, she sells elles vendent, they sell 

j'ai vendu, 1 have sold, I sold 

The endings are s, s, t; but, when the last letter of the stem is a t or d, 
the ending t is left out. 

repandre, to spill, to spread, attendre, to wait, to expect 

rendre, to give back, entendre, to hear 

fendre, to split descendre, to go or come down 



90 FIRST EXERCISES. 

defendre, to forbid, to defend perdre, to lose 

pendre, to hang repondre, to answer 

tendre, to stretch fondre, to melt 

etendre, to extend mordre, to bite 

rompre, to break tordre, to twist 

combien de temps, how long 

1. Ici on vend a prix fixe; on vend bon marche\ 2. Cet 
enfant a repandu son lait ; il repand toujours son lait ou sa 
soupe. Ne pouvez-vous pas manger sans repandre? 3. Vous 
m'avez prete un livre ; je vous le rends ; je vous reniercie beau- 
coup. 4. Je vous l'aurais rendu hier, mais ma mere m'avait 
def endu de sortir a cause de la pluie. 5. Si vous tendez cette 
corde davantage, vous pouvez etre sur de la rompre. 6. Si 
vous pouvez m'attendre cinq minutes j'irai avec vous. 7. Je 
vous attends, mais depechez-vous ; vous savez qu'il est deja 
tard. 8. M'entendez-vous? Je vous entends. M'attendez- 
vous? Je vous attends. 9. Repondez-moi. Je vous reponds ; 
il me repond; il nous a repondu. 

1. You are waiting ; I am waiting too. 2. How long did you 
wait? I have been waiting half an hour. 3. You hear, I hear 
too ; I heard, but you did not hear me. 4. She does not hear 
what you say ; she did not hear what you said. 5. Are you 
coming down? Do you hear me? Why do you not answer 
me? 6. I answered you, but you did not hear. 7. It is 
warmer; the snow is melting; the ice is broken. 8. That dog 
barks (aboie), but does not bite. 9. It is forbidden to smoke 
here. 10. Did you lose anything? No, I never lose anything. 
11. My little brother loses something every day; yesterday he 
took my knife and. lost it. 12. Did you give back? Do you 
give back? You forget to give back what one lends to you. 

13. Can you wait? Will you wait? It is necessary to wait. 

14. How long have you been waiting? Are you waiting (any) 
longer? 15. I wait five minutes longer; do you hear? 1 do 
hear; I did hear. 16. I do not hear well; I did not hear you, 
excuse me, please. 17. I am waiting for you, but make Jiaste: 
it is late. 18. I do make haste; have you no patience? 



FIRST EXERCISES. 

63. 



91 



Imperfect. 



The Imperfect tense is used 
means 1 was doing or / used to 



when the English Past tense 
do. 



I was giving 
or i" used to 
give. 
je donnais 
tu donnais 
il donnait 
n. donnions 
v. donniez 
ils donnaient 



I was finishing 
or i" used to 
finish. 

je finissais 
tu finissais 
il finissait 
n. flnissions 
v. finissiez 
ils finissaient 



I was receiving 
or I used to 
receive. 
je recevais 
tu recevais 
il recevait 
n. recevions 
v. receviez 
ils recevaient 



I was selling 
or I used 
to sell. 
je vendais 
tu vendais 
il vendait 
n. vendions 
v. vendiez 
ils vendaient 



la jeunesse, the youth 

la vieillesse, old age 

la societe, society 

la mode, the fashion 

le gout, the taste 

les devoirs, duties, home exercises 

un conge, holiday, leave 

les vacances, the vacations, holi- 

un probleme, a sum 



si je voulais, if I wanted 

si je pouvais, if 1 could 

je faisais, J was doing or making 

je ferais, Iwoidd do 

je disais, I tvas saying or telling 

je dirais, 1 ivoidd say 

j'allais, J was going 

j'irais, J would go 

je viendrais, Iivouldcome 

1. Je jouais quand vous etes entre\ 2. Je jouais pendant 
que ma sceur 6tudiait. 3. Pendant les vacances je m'amusais 
beaucoup et je n'etudiais pas du tout. 4. Lorsqu'il faisait 
beau, nous allions en bateau ou a cheval ou en voiture. 5. Si 
j'avais conge, j'irais jouer; si nous avions cong6, nous irions 
aussi jouer. 6. Lorsque nous avons commence" le francais, 
nous 6tudiions beaucoup; maintenant nous 6tudions peu. 
7. Si jeunesse savait, si vieillesse pouvait. Si vous saviez ce 
que vous perdez. 8. Si vous f aites cela, vous serez puni ; si 
vous faisiez cela, vous seriez puni. 9. Lorsque nous etions a 
Paris, nous ecrivions et nous recevions des lettres presque tous 
les jours ; c'etait tres amusant. 



92 



FIRST EXERCISES. 



1. I am giving, I was giving ; you are giving, you were giv- 
ing. 2. He gives, he used to give; he has given, did he give? 
3. We are receiving, we were receiving ; you receive, you used 
to receive. 4. These girls receive, they used to receive. These 
girls receive many letters ; they used to receive several letters 
every day. 5. I receive few letters ; I used to receive one or 
two every day. 6. You write; you were writing; we are 
writing. 7. Did you write your letter? Yes, I was writing it 
when you have entered. 8. It is finished ; I was going to bring 
it to the post-office. 9. "What are you doing now? I do my 
exercise. 10. What were you doing when I have entered? 
I was doing my sums. 



64. 



Future. 



In verbs ending in er, the ( 
Future: donner, je donnerai. 



preceding the r is mute in the 



I shall or will 

give. 
je donner ai 
tu donneras 
il donnera 
n. donnerons 
v. donnerez 
ils donneront 



I shall or will 



je finirai 
tu finiras 
il finira 
n. finirons 
v. finirez 
ils finiront 



I shall or will 

receive. 
je recevrai 
tu recevras 
il recevra 
n. recevrons 
v. recevrez 
ils recevront 



I shall or will 
sell. 

je vendrai 
tu vendras 
il vendra 
n. vendrons 
v. vendrez 
ils vendront 



The Future-Endings are taken from avoir : j'ai, tu as, il a, 
nous avons, etc. 

Will is translated by vouloir, when it is a question of 
being- willing or not. 

After des que, aussitot que, apres que, quand, lorsque, the 
Future must be used whenever future time is implied. 



1 will recite my lesson as soon as 
I know it. 



Je reciterai ma lecon aussitot que 
je la saurai. 



FIRST EXERCISES. 93 

jc ferai, 1 will do dire, to say, or to tell 

je verrai, I will see je dirai, / will say or tell 

j'enverrai, 1 will send lire, to read 

j'aurai, I will have je lirai, I will read 

je saurai, I will know ecrire, to write 

j'irai, 1 will go j'ecrirai, I ivill write 

je vicndrai, 1 will come prendre, to take 

je voudrai, I shall want to je prendrai, 1 will take 
J'irai vous chercher. I will call for you. 

1. Voulez-vous m'obeir? Je ferai tout ce que vous voudrez 

2. Je vous obeirai quaud vous me commanderez quelque chose. 

3. Voulez-vous finir vos devoirs? Je les finirai plus tard. 

4. Quand les finirez-vous? Je les finirai aussitdt que j'aurai 
flni inon liistoire. 5. Voulez-vous revenir tout a l'heure? Je 
reviendrai dans une heure. 6. Quand nous aurons la lettre de 
ma cousine, nous saurons le jour de son arrived. 7. Nous vous 
l'6erirons tout de suite, et nous esperons que vous viendrez 
avecnous. 8. Voulez-vous aller a sa rencontre? 9. Oui, nous 
voulons etre a l'arrivee du bateau. Nous irons de bonne heure. 

10. Nous prendrons une voiture et nous irons vous chercher. 

11. C'est trop de derangement. Pas du tout ; c'est sur notre 
chemin ; nous vous prendrons en passant. 

1. He has, he will have, he will be ; he will give, he will 
know. 2. You have, you will have, you will know ; you will 
be, you will do, you will see. 3. My friends have ; they are ; 
they will have, they will know ; they will go, they will come. 
4. I want to say, to write, to read ; I shall say, I shall write, 
I shall read. 5. They will write if they have time; we will 
write to you when we know the day of her arrival. 6. You 
will come and you will be pleased. 7. You will see my cousin 
and you will be pleased to (de) see her; we will be pleased to 
(de) see her. 8. I have tickets for the theatre ; will you come 
with me? 9. I will go with you with pleasure. At what time 
does it begin? 10. I think it begins at eight; I will call for you 
at a quarter to eight. 11. All right, I shall be ready; I shall 
not let vou wait. 



94 FIRST EXERCISES. 

65. 

Conditional. 

After si, meaning if, do not use the Future nor the Condi- 
tional; use the Present (Indie.) or the Imperfect. But when 
si means whether, you can use the Future or the Conditional 
as in English. 

Do you know ivhether she will come? Savez-vous si elle viendra. 
I would he pleased if she would come. J e serais content si elle venait. 

I should or I should or I should or I should or 
would give. would finish. would receive, would sell. 

je donnerais je flnirais je recevrais je vendrais 

tu donnerais tu flnirais tu recevrais tu vendrais 

il donnerait il finirait il recevrait il vendrait 

n. donnerions n. finirions n. recevrions n. vendrions 

v. donneriez v. finiriez v. recevriez v. vendriez 

ils donneraient ils finiraient ils recevraient ils vendraient 

je voudrais, 1 tvotdd like un pays, a country 

je pourrais, I would be able line contree, a country 

je vermis, 1 woidd see etranger, stranger 

j'enverrais, 1 would send etrange, strange 

j'aurais, I would have a l'etranger, abroad 

je saurais, I would know bien loin, very far, far away 

je dirais, 1 would say le tour, the turn 

je lirais, I would read la fortune, the fortune 

j'ecrirais, 1 would write la richesse, riches, wealth 

1. Qu'est-ce que vous f eriez si vous 6tiez riche ? 2. Ou. iriez- 
vous si vous pouviez voyager? 3. Quels pays verriez-vous ? 
Quelle contree voudriez-vous visiter d'abord? 4. Ne feriez- 
vous pas un voyage en Egypte pour voir le Nil et les Pyra- 
mides? 5. Quel livre voulez-vous acheter? Je ne sais pas; 
quel livre choisiriez-vous pour moi? 6. Je choisirais celui-ci; 
mais il est si amusant que vous negligerez peut-etre vos etudes. 
7. Ne seriez-vous pas honteux de ne rien savoir? 8. Ne rougi- 
riez-vous pas si votre frere etait le premier et vous le dernier? 
9. Ne voudriez-vous pas etre le premier? 



FIRST EXERCISES. 95 

1. I could be first if I wanted to. 2. You would give me ; 
I would give you ; they would give us. 3. She will finish, she 
would finish ; she will have finished, she would have finished. 
4. I would if I had the money ; you would if you had the 
money ; we would if we had the money. 5. Would you go 
to Paris if you could? Could you go to Paris if you should so 
desire? 6. Would your brother write often to you, if you 
were far away? 7. Would you often write to your brother if 
he were far away? 8. Which books would you choose if you 
should buy books? 9. If they should lose their fortune, they 
would also lose their friends. 10. If I should lose such friends 
I would not be sorry. 

66. 

Imperative. 

The Imperative has only the second person singular and the 
first and second person plural. These persons are the same as 
in the Present Indicative, except only in avoir, Ctre and 
savoir. 

aie, have sois, be sache, know 

ayons, let us have soyons, let us be sachons, let us know 
ayez, have soyez, be sachez, know 

Speak Finish Receive SJl 

parle finis recois vends 

parlons finissons recevons vendons 

parlez finissez recevez vendez 

exact, exact le bieri, the good 

l'exactitude»(F.), exactitude le mal, the bad 

poli, polite le vice, the vice 

la politesse, politness le devoir, the duty 

la vertu, virtue juste, just 

vertueux, virtuous la justice, justice 

1'h.onneur (m.), honor serieux, serious 

honorable, honorable veuillez, be so kind as to... 



96 FIRST EXERCISES. 

1. Soyez exacts ; l'exactitude est la politesse des rois. 2 Par- 
lez peu et ecoutez beaucoup ; c'est le meilleur moyen d'appren- 
dre. 3. Ne faites pas de questions inutiles; faites attention 
aux explications du maitre. 4. Faites le bien et evitez le mal. 
5. Pratiquez la vertu, fuyez la mauvaise compagnie. 6. N'al- 
lez pas trop vite ; hatez-vous lentement. 7. Charles, depeclie- 
toi; tu seras en retard. 8. Depechons-nous, depechez-vous ; 
allons vite, allez vite. 9. Voici de bonnes nouvelles ; rejouissez- 
vous, rejouissons-nous, rejouis-toi. 10. Parlez moins et agissez 
davantage. 11. Veuillez accepter nies salutations respec- 
tueuses. 12. Tenez tou jours vos proniesses ; ne nianquez (fail) 
jamais a votre parole d'honneur. 

1. Have patience ; let us have patience. Be patient ; let us 
be patient. 2. Know that you must obey here ; obey or you 
will be punished. 3. Receive my sincere salutations. Please 
(veuillez) receive my most respectful salutations. 4. Study 
your lessons well; do not forget them. 5. Do not say that 
you forgot your lesson ; that is a poor excuse. 6. If you make 
any promises, keep them; always keep your word. 7 Be just 
towards (envers) everybody ; have kindness for the poor. 8. If 
you want to remain good, shun (the) bad company. 9. Choose 
your friends among the best and most honorable. 10. You 
laugh; do not laugh so loud. 11. Rejoice; I bring you good 
news. 12. Come here all ; listen (to) the news ; be quiet and 
pay attention ; do not speak, do not say a word. 



67. 



Tracer, to trace ; nous traccms. 

In a few verbs in er, some slight changes take place in the 
stem. 
In verbs in cer, place a cedilla under the c before a or o. 
In verbs in ger, place a e mute after the g before a or o 8 

Commencer; je commence, nous commencons, je commencais. 
Manger; je mange, nous mangeons, je mangeais, nous mangions. 



FIRSr EXERCISES. 97 

annoncer, to announce affliger, to afflict, to grieve 

renoncer, to renounce changer, to change 

avanccr, to advance engager, to engage 

effacer, to efface, to erase dinger, to direct 

exercer, to exercise juger, to judge 

forcer, to force obligor, to oblige 

menacer, to threaten partager, to share 

placer, to place arranger, to arrange 

tracer, to trace soulager, to relieve 

1. J'annonce, il annonce, nous annoncons. 2. J'annonQais, 
il annon^ait, nous annoncions. 3. Je forcerai, je forcerais; je 
forcais, il forgait. 4. Je placais, je placerais; il placait, il pla- 
cerait. 5. Nous placons, nous placerons ; nous placions, nous 
placerions. 6. Elle tracait, elle tracerait; elle a trace, elle 
aura trace\ 7. II afflige, il affligera ; il affligeait, il affiigerait. 
8. Nous changeons, vous changez ; ils changent ; nous change- 
rons, vous changerez, ils changeront. 9. Je changeais, il 
changeait ; je changerais, il changerait. 10. Nous changions, 
vous changiez, elles changeaient ; nous changerions, vous chan- 
geriez, elles changeraient. 11. Nous affligeons, nous sommes 
affligees ; elle affligeait, elle etait affligee. 

1. I place, he places ; I shall place, he will place. 2. We 
place, you place ; we shall place, you will place. 3. I Avas 
placing, I should place; she was placing, she would place. 
4. You force me, I force you ; we force them, we will force 
them, we would force them. 5. We were advancing, we are 
advancing ; you were advancing, you are advancing. 6. We 
announce, we shall announce ; we arrange, we shall arrange. 
7. She obliges us, she was obliging us ; she will oblige us, she 
would oblige you. 8. We oblige our friends, they oblige us ; 
let us oblige them. 9. We juge and you jugc ; we change and 
you change. 10. We would grieve our parents if we should 
not study ; let us never grieve our dear parents. 11. We are 
are threatening, we are threatened ; we were threatening, we 
were threatened. 12. Let us arrange our books ; you arrange 
your desk and we arrange our desk. 



98 FIRST EXERCISES. 

68. 

Esperer, to hope; j'espere. 

A few verbs have a 6 in the last syllable of the stem. That 
e is changed to e before e mute, except in the Future and 
Conditional, where the e remains unchanged. 

In verbs in — eer the e is kept throughout. 

Mener, to bring, je mene. 

A few verbs have a e mute in the last syllable of the stem, 
That e is changed to e before e mute, the Future and Condi- 
tional not excepted. 

abreger, to abridge, to abbreviate lever, to lift up, to raise 

proteger, to protect relever, to raise, to take up 

pref erer, to prefer elever, to raise, to elevate 

celebrer, to celebrate soulever, to lift, to raise 

penetrer, to penetrate amener, to bring 

repeter, to repeat ramener, to bring bach 

posseder, to possess emmener, to take away 

regner, to reign achever, to achieve, to finish 

1. Celebrez-vous? Je cel&bre. Pre'ferez-vous? Je pr6f§re. 
2. II protege, il protegera ; ils protegent, ils protegeront. 3. Elle 
acheve, elle achevera; elles achevent, elles acheveront; elles 
ont acheve. 4. Je repete, je r6p6terai ; nous rep^tons, nous 
repeterons. 5. Elle possede, elle possedait ; elle possedera, elle 
possederait. 6. Elle a regn§, elle regne, elle regnera ; elle a 
amene, elle amene, elle anidnera. 7. II faut se lever de bonne 
heure; je me leve, il se leve, elle se leve. 8. Nous nous levons, 
vous vous levez, ils se levent ; je me suis leve. 9. L§ve-toi, 
levons-nous, levez-vous ; ne te leve pas trop tard. 10. Je pro- 
tege, nous protegeons; j'abrege, nous abregeons; je ramene, 
nous ramenons ; je ramenerai, nous ramenerons. 

1. We hope, we shall hope ; I hope, I shall hope. 2. She 
hopes, she was hoping ; she will hope, she would hope. 3. I 
prefer, he prefers; I shall prefer, he will prefer. 4. He has 



FIRST EXERCISES. 99 

preferred, you have preferred; you would prefer, you do 
prefer. 5. She is celebrating, she was celebrating; I am cele- 
brating, I was celebrating. 6. You are celebrating, you will 
celebrate; you were celebrating, you would celebrate. 7. I 
bring, he brings, you bring, they bring ; they have brought, 
they will bring. 8. You possess and she possesses ; you protect 
and she protects. 9. I protect, we protect, they protect ; I was 
protecting, they were protecting. 10. I wish to abbreviate; 
I do abridge ; we abridge and you abridge ; we shall abbre- 
viate. 11. I get up, he gets up, she gets up; we get up, you 
get up, they (m.) get up, they (f.) get up. 



69. 



Appeler, to call; j'appellc. 

There are a few verbs ending in eler and eter. Some 
double the 1 or t while the others only take a grave accent 
before e mute. The principal ones are given below. 

Nettoyer, to clean; je nettoie. 
When the last letter of the stem is a y, it is changed to i 
before e mute; but in verbs ending in ayer, the y remains 
unchanged. 

jeter (tt), to throw chanceler (11), to totter 

cacheter (tt), to seal etinceler (11), to sparkle 

acheter (e), to buy renouveler (11), to renew 

racheter (e), to buy back, to redeem essayer, to try 

geler (e), to freeze appuyer, to lean, to support 

degeler (e), to thaw employer, to employ 

modeler (e), to model, to shape ennuyer, to annoy, to weary 

epeler (11), to spell noyer, to drown 

atteler (11), to put the horses to... broyer, to break, to crush 

1. Voulez-vous acheter quelque chose ? J'achete, nous ache- 
tons, j'ai achetS. 2. II ne faut pas jeter de pierres aux petits 
oiseaux. II jette, il a jete". 3. Vous jetez, ils jettent, j'ai jet6, 



100 FIRST EXERCISES. 

je jetterai, il jettera, il jetterait. 4. Nous achetions, nous 
achdterions, ils achStent, ils acheteront, ils auraient achetS. 

5. Je vous appelle, elle vous appelle, elle vous a appele", vous 
m'appelez, vous ni'avez appele, elles m'appellent. 6. Vous 
nous appellerez, vous nous appelez, vous nous appeliez, vous 
nous appelleriez. 7. II m'ennuie, ils nous ennuient, vous 
m'ennuyez, je vous ennuie, je vous ai ennuye. 8. J'employais, 
j'emploierais, nous eruployons, nous emploierons, j'ai employe, 
j'emploie. 

1. I am calling, I shall call, I have called, I would have cal- 
led. 2. It is freezing, it has been freezing, it will freeze, it would 
freeze, it was freezing. 3. Can you spell? Spell this word; 
I know (how) to spell ; I spell, I will spell. 4. I used to spell 
very well, now I spell very bad. 5. Who has thrown that 
stone? He did not throw any stone, he never throws stones. 

6. I shall buy something, I bought, I buy, I should buy, I was 
buying. 7. She wants to buy all the jewels which she 
sees; she buys many jewels. 8. Clean your desk; I clean, he 
cleans, she cleans, we clean, you clean, they clean their desks. 
9. They annoy us, they were annoying us, they will annoy us, 
they would annoy us. 10. "We will call you if they try to fde) 
annoy us. 11. Did you call me ? I think they are calling me. 
Yes, they call you ; go quickly. 



:p-a.r,t ii. 



101 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 103 

ARTICLE. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 



Masc. Fern. Masc. Fern. 

Indefinite Article A, an =un, une, 

Definite Article The =le, la, les. 

Partitive Article Some any =clu, de la, des. 

ELISION. 

Before a vowel or silent h use V for le, la, and de V for du, de la. 

Remarks. — 1. The article must be repeated before each noun. 

2. When the article is understood before a noun in English, it 
must be expressed in French. 

EXAMPLES. 

A boy, a girl, a child. Un garcon, une fille, un enfant. 

Tlie boy, the girl, the child. Le garcon, la fille, Ten f ant. 

The boys, the girls, the children. Les garcons, les filles, les enfants. 
Some wine, beer and water. Du vin, de la biere et de l'eau. 

Iron is useful. Le fer est utile. 

EXERCISES. 

Dien a cr6e le ciel et la terre, le soleil, la lune et les e"toiles. 
Le soleil nous 6claire pendant le jour, et la lune parait pendant 
la nuit. Voyez-vous des etoiles maintenant ? Non, pas mainte- 
nant ; on voit les etoiles le soil*. L'etoile polaire est tres bril- 
lante. Qu'est-ce que vous voyez sur la table? Je vois un 
crayon, une plume, de Tencre, des livres et du papier. L'or 
est precieux, niais le fer est plus utile que l'or. 

1. What do you see on the table ? I see a book and a copy- 
book, pencils and pens, paper and ink. 2. Where is the watch? 
It is on the table, near the inkstand. 3. Have you a good 
watch? Yes, Madam, I have a good one. 4. Where is it? It 
is in my pocket. 5. What did you eat this morning? I ate 
bread and butter and I drunk milk. 6. What did your father 
drink? My father drunk water and coffee. 7. The sun lightens 
us during the day, and the moon during the night. 8. Who has 
created heaven and earth? It is God. 9. God has created 
everything : heaven and earth, the sun, the moon and the stars. 
10. Gold is a precious metal ; iron is very useful. 11. I like 
books very much, but I do not read all books. 



104 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

EXCEPTIONS. 

1. Some, any=de> after a negative or before an adjective. 

2. Some, any=en when the noun taken in a partitive sense 
is understood. 

3. No Partitive article is used after a verb, adjective or 
expression followed by de. 

Remark. — After adverbs of quantity, de must be used before the 
following noun. 

EXAMPLES. 

1 have friends; he has no friends. J'ai des amis ; il n'a pas d'amis. 

Mere are fine peaches. Voici de belles peches. 

Do you wish any ? En desirez-vous? 

I need patience. J'ai besoin de patience. 

You have much patience. Vous avez beaucoup de patience. 

EXERCISES. 

Les quatre elements sont l'air, la terre, l'eau et le feu. L'ai- 
mant attire le f er. Mon oncle a des mines de f er ; il n'a pas de 
mine d'or. Lorsque vous avez beaucoup d'argent, vous avez 
aussi beaucoup d'amis. Si vous aviez beaucoup d'argent, vous 
auriez plus de plaisir. Combien de fenetres y a-t-il dans cette 
chambre? II y a quatre fenetres; il y a assez d'air et de 
lumiere. J'ai de l'air et de la lumiere autant que j'en desire. 
De quoi parlez-vous? Nous parlous d'air et de lumidre. 

1. Have you enough air and light in this room? Yes, there 
are enough windows, and the windows are large enough. 
2. There are some maps and several pictures on the wall ; there 
are benches and chairs and desks in the room. 3 In this school 
there are many pupils and professors ; but there are not many 
in this class. 4. How many rooms are there in your house? 
There are many rooms; I think (that) there are fifteen. 
5. Have you plenty of patience? No, I have not much 
patience; I have no patience at all. 6. The professor has 
patience ; he needs patience. 7. Books are the best compa- 
nions; have you many books? I have some. 8. That gentle- 
man has plenty of money and many friends. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 105 



CONTRACTION. 

De le, de les, of the, a, le, a les, to the, must be contracted : 
de le into du. a le into au. 

de les into des. a les into aux. 





DECLENSION. 




Tlie =le, 
Of the=&a 9 

To t7ie=Mi, 


la, r, 

de la, de 1', 

a la, a, 1', 

EXAMPLES. 


les. 
des. 
aux. 



TJie king, of the Icing, to the king. Le roi, du roi, au roi. 
The kings, of the kings, to the kings. Les rois, des rois, aux rois. 
The queen, of the queen, to the queen. La reine, de la reine, a la reine. 
The queens, of the queens, to the q. Les reines, des reines, aux r. 
Tlie bird, of the bird, to the bird. L'oiseau, de l'oiseau, a l'oiseau. 
TJie birds, of the birds, to the birds. Lesoiseaux, des oiseaux, auxo. 

EXERCISES. 

Henri, de Henri, a Henri. Marie, de Marie, a Marie. Paris, 
de Paris, a Paris. La France, de la France, a. la France. 
Mon ami, de mon ami, a mon ami; mes amis, de mes amis, a, 
mes amis. Le soldat, du soldat, au soldat ; les soldats, des sol- 
dats, aux soldats. L'armee, de l'armee, a, l'armee ; les armees, 
des armees, aux armees. La gloire, de la gloire, a. la gloire ; 
les gloires, des gloires, aux gloires. La victoire, de la victoire, 
a la victoire ; les victoires, des victoires, aux victoires. 

1. Mary, of Mary, to Mary. My Mend, of my friend, to my 
friend ; my friends, of my friends, to my friends. 2. I speak 
to the brother of my Mend. I speak to the Mend of my 
brother. 3. He speaks of the victories of our army. He has 
been wounded by a bullet. 4. He has been killed by a 
cannon-ball. 5. The gun, of the gun, to the gun; the guns, 
of the guns, to the guns. 6. A boulet, of a boulet, to a boulet. 
7. The sword, of the sword, to the sword ; the swords, of the 
swords, to the swords. 8. The professor speaks to the pupils. 
The pupil speaks of the professor. 9. The bravery of the 
soldiers will be rewarded. 10. We are proud of the victories 
of our armies. 



106 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



PL.URAL. OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. 

To form the plural of a noun or adjective : 

1. Generally add s to the singular. 

2. If ending in s, x, z, add nothing. 

3. If ending in au, eu, add x. 

4. If ending in al, change al to aux. 

Remarks. — 1. Adjectives agree in gender and number with the 
nouns or pronouns which they modify. 

2. When an adjective modifies several nouns or pronouns of 
different gender, it is written in the masculine plural. 

EXAMPLES. 

Tlie little boy ; the littte boys. Le petit garcon; les petits garcons. 
TJie little girl; the little girls. La petite fille; les petites filles. 
The fine horse; the fine horses. Le beau cheval; les beaux chevaux. 
My father and mother are good. Mon pere et ma mere sont bons. 
My mother and sister are good. Ma mere et ma sceur sont bonnes. 

EXERCISES. 

Le dianiant est la pierre precieuse la plus estimee. On le 
trouve principalement dans les Indes et au Bresil. L'or et 
l'argent sont des metaux precieux. Les saphirs sont de couleur 
bleue. Les topazes sont jaunes et les enieraudes sont vertes. 
Les rubis sont rouges. Ma mere a plusieurs bracelets, un col- 
lier de perles fines, des bagues en or garnies de pierres precieu- 
ses, des broches et des epingles. Ma soeur a plusieurs chapeaux ; 
elle en a un blanc, un gris et un rose. 

1. The diamonds are precious ; they are the most estimated 
of the precious stones. 2. There are many diamonds in India 
and in Brazil. 3. Iron is a useful metal. Iron and brass are 
useful metals. 4. The ruby is red and the saphir blue. 5. I 
have a bracelet set with rubies and diamonds. 6. We have 
spoken with the sons of the general. 7. The generals were 
pleased with the soldiers. 8. Several soldiers were (ont 6t6) 
wounded or killed. 9. My father has bought two fine horses. 
My brother and my sister are pleased. 10. My mother and my 
aunt are not pleased ; they have not seen the fine diamonds. 
11. They bought some dresses and hats in Paris, 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 107 

PRINCIPAL EXCEPTIONS. 

1. The following six nouns ending in ou take x in the plural : 

joujou, toy genou, knee chou, cabbage 

bijou, jewel hibou, owl caillou, pebble 

2. Landau, landau; bleu, blue, take s in the plural. 

3. Bal, ball ; carnaval, carnival ; regal, treat; chacal, jackal, 

take s in the plural. 
Fatal, final, glacial, nasal, naval and a few others adjectives 
in al seldom used, take s in the plural. 

4. Bail, travail, corail, email, vitrail, soupirail, change ail to 

aux. — Detail, gventail, take s. 

5 . l'ceil, the eye les yeux, the eyes 
le ciel, the heaven les cieux, heavens 
l'aleul, the ancestor les ai'eux, the ancestors 
le bStail, the cattle les bestiaux, the cattle 

EXERCISES. 

Les petits enfants aiment les joujoux; les grandes demoi- 
selles aiment les bijoux. Ce mediant garcon jette des cailloux 
aux oiseaux. Cette petite fllle a les yeux bleus et les cheveux 
blonds. Les brebis sont entrees dans le jardin et ont mange 
les choux. II y a des trous dans la hale. Allez acheter pour 
quatre sous de clous. Qu'est-ce que vous avez rapporte 
pour moi? Pour vous j'ai des joujoux, et pour votre soeur j'ai 
deux eventails. Ces coraux et ces 6maux sont tres jolis. Les 
cieux annoncent la grandeur de Dieu. 

1. Where are your playthings? Here are my soldiers. 2. I 
have two generals, four colonels, ten officers, forty corporals 
and many soldiers. 3. The principal details of the battle. 
4. The generals were able and the soldiers were brave. 5. They 
have taken several flags and several cannons. 6. We have 
seen the palace of the king and the castles of the prince. 
7. The lambs have eaten the cabbages in the garden. 8. You 
have broken your playthings. 9. The cat has torn the fans of 
my mother. 10. I do not throw any stones to the little birus. 
11. My brother has bought two knives for fifty cents. 12. Lit- 
tle Willie has two blue pencils and two red [ones]. 



108 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



FEMIMKE OF ADJECTIVES. 

To form the feminine of an adjective : 

1. Generally add e to the masculine. 

2. If ending in e mute, add nothing. 

3. If ending in x, change x to se. 

4. If ending in f, change f to ve. 

5. If ending in en, on, el, eil, et, double the n, 1, t, 

and add e. 

Remark. — Adjectives in er and a few others take a grave accent. 
— Leger, legere ; bref , breve. 

EXAMPLES. 

This pretty little toy. Ce joli petit garcon. 

This pretty little girl. Cette jolie petite fille. 

He is studious and attentive. II est studieux et attentif. 

She is studious and attentive. Elle est studieuse et attentive. 

EXERCISES. 

Write the following adjectives in the feminine singular : 
1. Riche, pauvre, jeune, age\ fatigue. 2. Content, charmant, 
charme, aise, vrai. 3. Bleu, joli, petit, utile, ami. 4. Boiteux, 
borgne, aveugle, sourd, muet. 5. Bossu, francais, anglais, ita- 
lien, studieux. 6. Jaloux, attentif, actif. 7. Neuf, sujet, leger, 
premier, dernier. 8. Bon, precieux, estinie, cheri, adore. 
Write the following adjectives in the feminine plural : 
1. Tendre, brave, jeune, agreable, desagreable. 2. Calme, 
rouge, noir, bleu, violet. 3. Vert, jaune, gris, sincere, fldele. 
4. Triste, gai, joli, leger, tier. 5. Cher, amer, regulier, irregu- 
lier, princier. 6. Familier, premier, dernier, naturel, cruel. 
7. Eternel, immortel, mortel, liberal, loyal. 8. Royal, civil, 
vil, delicieux, curieux. 9. Envieux, aftreux, heureux, nialheu- 
reux, attentif 10. Actif, vif, bref, excessif, bon. 

Write the following adjectives in the masculine singular : 
1. Agee, fatiguee, pauvre, contente. 2. Heureuse, char- 
mante, jolie, muette. 3. Legere, premiere, attentive, bleue. 
4. Petits, grands, cruelle, naturels. 5. Liberaux, royales, 
actifs, brdves. 6. Chretiennes, divines, voisines, regulieres. 
7. Sincdres, jeunes, jaunes, noires, estim^es, precieuses. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



109 



PRINCIPAL EXCEPTIONS. 



doux, douce, 
roux, rousse, 
faux, fausse, 
vieux, vieille, 

secret, secrete, 
discret, discrete, 
inquiet, inquietc, 
oomplet, complete, 
sot, sotte, 

gros, grosse, 
gras, grasse, 
bas, basse, 
las, lasse, 
epais, epaisse 
frais, fraiche, 



stri'il 

red 

fatee 

'old 

secret 

discreet 

anxious 

complete 

silly 

big 

fat 

low 

tired 

thick 

fresh 



sec, seche, 
blanc, blanche, 
franc, tranche, 
public, publique, 
turc, turque, 
grec, grecque, 

beau.* belle, 
nouveau,* nouvelle, 
fou,* folle, 
raou,* molle, 

favori, favorite, 
aigu, aigue, 
long, lougue, 
raalin, maligne, 
gentil, gentille, 



dry 

wh He 
frank 
public 

Turkic 
Greek 

beautiful 

new 

foolish 

soft 

favorite 
sharp 
long 

malicious 
nice, pretty 



EXERCISES. 

Write the following adjectives in the feminine singular : 
1. Public, herol'que, 6nergique, patriotique, artistique. 2. Co 
mique, antique, haut, bas, grand. 3. Petit, large, e'troit, brun 
gris. 4. Exquis, gros, gras, las, frais. 5. Francais, epais 
clair, obscur, lourd. 6. Leger, facile, difficile, fort, faible 
7. Tranquille, blanc, franc, sec, grec. 8. Fixe, prefix, ingrat 
reconnaissant, gentil. 9. Civil, sujet, secret, beau, nouveau 
10. Bossu, muet, inquiet, faux, vieux. 11. Doux, court. 
Write the following adjectives or nouns in the masculine singular : 
1. Publique, hero'ique, comique, riche, pauvre. 2. Charmed, 
ais6e, italienne, chretienne, neuve. 3. Sujette, legere, pre- 
miere, derniere, naturelle. 4. Cruelle, liberale, royale, civile, 
tranquille. 5. Gentille, instructive, active, attentive, curieuse. 
6. Heureuse, glorieuse, fausse, jalouse, vive. 7. Neuve, di- 
vine, breve, fraiche, seche. 8. Douce, rouge, inquiete, sujette, 
niuette. 9. Belle, bonne, longue, courte, vieille. 10. Folle, 
grosse, sotte, blanche, complete, grecque. 11. De beaux 
enfants, de beaux oiseaux, de nouveaux chapeaux. 12. De 
nouveaux amis, de gentilles petites filles, des palais lnagnifi- 
ques, des fils respectueux. 



* Write Del, nouvel.fol, mol, vieil (or vieux) before a vowel or a silent h. 



110 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



COMPARISON. 



WITH ADJECTIVES. 

more — £M?i=plus — que 
less — than =nioins — que 
as — as =aussi — que 

the most — =le plus — 
the least — =le uioins — 



WITH NOUNS. 

more — than =plus de — que de 
less — than =moms de — quede 
as much — as =autant de — que de 



the most- 
the least- 



=le plus de — 
=le nioins de- 



Remarks. — 1. In after a superlative is rendered by de, of. 
Tliaii, with a number is also rendered by de. 

2. After a negative you may use si, tant, for aussi, autant. 

3. Good, better, best=l)Oii, meilleur, le meilleur.* 
"Well, better, best=X>ieii, mieux, le mieux.* 

4. Adverbs are compared the same as adjectives, but le is inva- 
riable. — Elle court vite, plus vite, le plus vite. 



EXAMPLES. 



She is taller than you. 
She is as tall as I. 
The tallest in the class. 
More iron than gold. 
More tliaii Jive francs 
tliaii I. 



Elle est plus grande que voiis. 
Elle est aussi grande que moi. 
La plus grande de la classe. 
Plus de fer que d'or. 
Plus de cinq francs plus que 
moi. 



EXERCISES. 

Le fer est plus utile que Tor. Lor est plus precieux que l'ar- 
gent. Quel est le metal le plus 16ger? Quelle est la pierre la 
plus precieuse? Monsieur Lebon est plus riche que vous et 
que moi ; e'est Thomme le plus riche de la ville. II a beaucoup 
de maisons ; il a plus de maisons que nous. II est tres heureux 
dans les affaires. Le gateau est meilleur que le pain, mais on 
mange plus de pain que de gateau. 

Precious, more precious, the most precious. 2. Attentive, 
less attentive, the least attentive. 3. He is lazy ; he is more 
lazy than his brother ; he is the most lazy in the class. 4. She 
is studious ; she is more studious than her brother ; she is the 
most studious in the school. 5. She is a good girl ; she is the 
best girl in the class. 6. She speaks French better than you; 
she speaks French as well as I [do]. 



* Bad, worse, the worst =Mauvais, plus mauvais, or pire, le plus mau- 
vais, or le pire.— Badly, worse, the worst==3Ial, plus mal or pis, le plus 
mal. or le pis. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR* 111 

POSITION OF ADJECTIVES. 

The best way for beginners to avoid mistakes is to place the 
adjective after the noun, except when it is one of the following 
which usually precede the noun. 

bon, good, kind grand, great, large beau, beautiful, fine 

mauvais, bad petit, small, little joli, pretty, nice 

mfohant, wicked moindrc, least gentu, pretty, nice 

meilleur, better gros, big, stout vilain, ugly 

jeune, young long, long premier, first 

vieux, old hunt, high dernier, last 

nouveau, new vaste, vast cher, dear 

Remarks. — 1. Adjectives of color, shape, flavor, which generally 
follow the noun, must be placed before it when used figuratively. 
2. Many adjectives may be placed before or after the noun. 

EXAMPLES. 

Abitter mockery; my dear friend. Une amere moquerie; mon cher 
A pretty blade dress. Une jolie robe noire. [ami. 

A bitter apple; an expensive book. Une pomme amere ; un livrc cher. 

EXERCISES. 

Cette bonne petite fille a de jolis yeux noirs ; elle a de longs 
cheveux noirs. Elle est tres bien habillee ; elle a une robe 
bleue avec un joli ruban rose. Ou avez-vous achete ce beau 
chapeau? C'est le plus joli chapeau que j'aie jamais vu. Cette 
maison est grande et jolie, c'est une grande et belle maison. 
Ce livre est cher, n'est-ce pas? Oui, c'est un livre tres cher; 
mais c'est aussi un livre tres instructif. Avez-vous et6 a la 
bibliotheque ? Oui, et j'ai rapporte un nouveau livre. 

1. A good little boy and a good little girl. 2. A beautiful 
white dress and a pretty white hat. 3. She has long black 
hair, 4. A small mouth with pink lips and white teeth. 
5. She has small white hands and fingers with pretty pink 
fingernails. 6. An expensive book, but a good book. 7. Take 
(portez) this book to the library and bring me a new book, an 
instructive book. 8. Do you wish a French book? No, bring 
me an English book. 6. This lesson is not easy ; it is a diffi- 
cult lesson. 10. Here is an apple good to eat. 11. It is not 
good ; it is a bitter apple ; give me a better apple. 



112 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GBAMMAR. 

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE. 

SINGTTXAR. PLURAL, 



Masc. Fern. Masc, Fern. 

this or that=ce, cette, ces. 

Remarks. — 1. Before a vowel or a silent h, the adjective ce is 
changed to cet. 

2. In French the same word means this and that; whenever we 
wish to mark the difference expressed in English by this and that, 
we place ci (for ici), here, or 1&, there, after the noun. 

3. The demonstrative adjective must be repeated before each noun. 

EXAMPLES. 

Tliis boy, this girl. Ce garcon, cette fille. 

These boys, these girls. Ces garcon s, ces filles. 

That pencil, that ruler. Ce crayon, cette regie. 

Those pencils, those rulers. Ces crayons, ces regies. 

These books or those booJcs. Ces livres-ci ou ces livres-la. 

EXERCISES. 

Ce nianteau est tres joli. Combien coute cette ombrelle? 
Montrez-moi ces mouclioirs. Cette cravate me plait beaucoup. 
Cet homme vend des Cannes et des parapluies. Cette canne-ci 
coute cinq francs, et celle-la trois francs. Cet enfant a perdu 
ses gants. Ces gants sont bon rnarcli6, mais ces mouchoirs sont 
chers. A qui est cette voilette? Prenez cette brosse et brossez 
votre chapeau. Ces bottines-ci sont trop lourdes; montrez- 
nioi ces bottines-la. Je prendrai celles-la. 

1. This penknife is very pretty. That book is instructive. 
2. This young lady is charming. That gentleman is her 
brother. That lady is her mother. 3. This man is poor ; that 
man is rich. These men are poor ; those men are rich. 4. This 
house belongs to my father ; that house belongs to my uncle. 
5. These houses belong to my father ; those houses belong to 
my uncle. 6. This cane belongs to my brother; that umbrella 
belongs to my sister. 7. I have bought this cravat in that 
store. 8. These boys and girls go (vont) to the same school. 
9. This school is as good as that school. 10. These lessons are 
harder than those lessons. 11. This bird has beautiful blue 
feathers ; that bird has not so pretty feathers. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 113 

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 





SINGULAR- 


PLURAL. 


the one, 
this one, 
that one, 

that, it, 
this (thing), 
that (thing), 


Masc. Fern. 
t?wse,=ce\ui, celle, 
these, =celui-ci, celle-ci, 
Mose, =celui-la, celle-la, 

=ce (c* before est, 
=ceci. 

=cela. 


Masc. Fern. 

ceux, celles. 

ceux-ci, celles-ci. 
ceux-la, celles-la. 

etait). 



Remarks.— 1. Ceci, cela, refer to something not named before, 
while celui, celle stand for a noun expressed before. 
2 He or she, meaning the one, is rendered by celui, celle. 

3. The one followed by of, who, tt>7towi=celui, celle ; but the 
one, the other=Y\\n l'autre. 

4. Prouoims agree in gender and number with the noun for 
which they stand. 

EXAMPLES. 

Wliich dress, this or that one ? Quelle robe, celle-ci ou celle-la? 
The one you have. The silk one. Celle que vous avez. Celle de soie. 
Is it true ? It is true. Est-ce vrai? C'est vrai. 

Tliis is for you,, that is for me. Ceci est pour vous, cela est pour moi. 
He who studies will be rewarded. Celui qui etudie sera recompense. 

EXERCISES. 

Le maltre recompense celui qui travaille bien. Celui qui est 
content de son sort est heureux. Celui qui cherche le clanger 
y p6rira. L'ame est immortelle, mais le corps est inortel; 
celle-la commande, celui-ci obeit. Ces gants-ci sont plus chers 
que ceux-la. Qui a fait cela, est-ce vous? Ceci est mieux fait 
que cela„ Ceci est joli, mais cela est horrible. 

1. This exercise is harder than that one ; but that one is 
longer than this one. 2. Here are two beautiful pictures ; this 
one is better than that one. 3. These two dresses are beauti- 
ful ; which one would you choose, this one or that one? 4. I 
would choose the red one. 5. The silk one is very rich; but 
the one which my mother has received yesterday is much 
richer than tins one. It is your advice, it is not mine. 9. What 
did you bring for us? This is for you, that is for your brother. 
7. What is that? That is a present for your cousin. 



114 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES. 



SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Masc. Fern. 


Masc. or Fern. 


My '—mon, ma, 


rues. 


Thy =ton, ta, 


tes. 


His, her =son, sa, 


ses. 


Our =110 tre, notre, 


nos. 


Your =votr<e, yotre, 


vos. 


Their =leur, leur, 


leurs. 



Remarks. — 1. Instead of ma, ta, sa, use mow, ton son before a vowel. 

2. As a mark of respect, use the words Monsieur, Madame or Ma- 
demoiselle before votre followed by a noun of relationship. . 

3. Possessive adjectives must be repeated before each noun. 

EXAMPLES. 

1 love my father and mother. J'aime mon pere et ma mere. 
You love your brother and sisters. Vous aimez votre frere et vos sceurs. 
He loves his father and mother. II aime son pere et sa mere. 
She loves her father and mother. Elle aime son pere et sa mere. 
His (or her) sister. His (or her) Sa sceur. Son aimable sceur. 
lovely sister. 

EXERCISES. 

Mon pSre a donne sa montre a, mon frere. Ma mere a donne" 
sa montre a ma sceur. Henri a laisse sa canne et son chapeau 
dans la voiture. O u est votre oncle ? Mon oncle est a la cam- 
pagne avec ma tante, mes cousins et mes cousines. Nos voisins 
vont en Europe ; ils ont vendu leurs chevaux et leurs voitures. 
Peut-etre vendront-ils aussi leur maison. Mon cousin a perdu 
son porte-monnaie et sa clef. 

1. My father has gone to Paris ; my mother is here. 2. My 
brothers and my sisters are in the garden. 3. Our house is 
large ; our garden is pretty. 4. My uncle and my aunt live 
with us now. 5. My uncle has sold his house and his garden, 
his carriage and his horses. 6. My horse is in the stable ; our 
horses are in the stable. 7. I have seen your aunt and your 
cousins (f). 8. Louise is my friend; she is also your friend. 
9. Mary is her friend ; her friends are my friends. 10. I lost 
my key; I took my brother's key. 11. This is my key; where 
did you find it? 12. He has forgotten his pocket-book and 
his umbrella ; she has forgotten her pocket-book. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 115 

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 



Masculine. Feminine. Masculine. Feminine. 

Mine, =le mien, la mienne, los miens, les miennes 

Thine, =le tien, la tienne, les tiens, les tiennes. 

His, he?'s=\e sien, la sienne, les siens, les siennes. 

Ours, =le notre, la n6tre, les notres, les notres. 

Yours, -=lc votre, la votre, les v6tres, les votres. 

Theirs, =le leur, la leur, les leurs, les leurs. 

Do not forget to contract de, a with le, les in le mien, etc. 

EXAMPLES. 

Your brother ; mine, yours. Votre frere; le mien, le votre. 

Your sister ; mine, yours. Votre soeur; la mienne, la votre. 

Your brothers ; mine, yours. Vos freres; les miens, les votres. 

Your sisters ; mine, yours. Vos soeurs, lea miennes, les votres. 

His (or her) sister ; his (or hers). Sa soeur ; la sienne. 

EXERCISES. 

Donnez-moi votre photographie ; je vous donnerai la mienne. 
II aime ses parents ; vous aimez les votres, elle aime les siens. 
Vous aimez votre pays, et j'ainie le mien ; vos amis aiment le 
leur. Votre pays est plus grand que le notre et votre armee 
est plus forte que la notre. Vous etes tier de votre pays, nous 
sommes fiers du notre, ils sont fiers du leur. Vous parlez de 
vos victoires et nous parlons des notres. Les impots sont plus 
eleves dans votre pays que dans le notre. 

1. My brother and yours have gone out together. 2. My 
sister and yours have gone out together. 3. Your sister and 
mine are always together. 4. 'Your parents and mine are going 
to the country next summer. 5. My parents and yours were 
in Europe last summer. 6. Your dress is prettier than hers, 
her dress is dearer than yours. 7. Y 7 our hat is prettier than 
hers; her hat is dearer than yours. 8. Our theater is larger 
than theirs ; but theirs is richer than ours. 9. Our music is 
better than theirs; however they have an excellent music. 
10. Your friends are mine, and my friends are yours. 11. Their 
friends are ours, and our friends are theirs. 12. I speak of 
your house and of hers, of her house and of yours. 



116 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 

Who, which, that. (Suhject.)=Qui. 

Whom, which, that. (Object.) =Que. 
Of whom, of which, whose. =Dont. 

Whom, when after a preposition=Qui. 

Which, when after a preposition=Lequel, laquelle. 

Remarks. — 1. What, which, (pronoun)=ce qui, ce que, when 
they stand for that which. 

2. TJiat which or what is often understood in English, but must be 
expressed in French. 

EXAMPLES. 

The lady tvho is singing... La dame qui chante... 

The lady whom 1 admire... La dame que j 'admire... 

The lady of whom I speak.., La dame dont je parle... 

Tell me what you know. Dites-moi ee que vous savez. 

Tell me all you know. Dites-moi tout ce que vous savez. 

EXERCISES. 

Voici le facteur qui nous apporte des nouvelles. Voiei une 
lettre que mon cousin nous a ecrite. II a regu la place dont il 
parlait. Connaissez-vous les dames qui etaient dans la loge de 
Tambassadeur de France? Les dames dont vous parlez etaient 
au dernier bal. La ville dans laquelle il demeure est plus petite 
que la notre. Les personnes avec qui (or avec lesquelles) j'ai 
passe" la soiree seront chez nous la sernaine prochaine. Quand 
vous serez a Paris, ecrivez-moi tout ce que vous verrez. 

1. The lady who is singing is my cousin. 2. The gentleman 
with whom I was speaking is my friend. 3. The flowers which 
are in the garden are beautiful. 4. The roses which you have 
brought are the finest which I have (j'aie) ever seen. 5. The 
horses which my father has bought are very strong. 6. The 
horses of which I speak are the finest horses in this country. 
7. I know what I say ; I say what I know. 8. I think what 
I say, but I do not say all I think. 9. We cannot always say 
everything that (tout ce qui) is true. 10. I think you are 
right. Do you think he is wrong? 11. When you are in Paris, 
write me all you know ; tell me what there is new. 12. This is 
the lady near whom I was sitting last night. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 117 

INTERROGATE VE 
ADJECTIVE AND PRONOUNS. 

Adjective: Which, what ? Quel, quelle, quels, quelles. 

f Which one ? Lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles. 

Who ? =Qui 1 or Qui est-ce qui ? 

Pronoun \ Wnom2 —Qui 1 or Qui est-ce que ? 

I What? (Subject) = . . . Qu'est-ce qui 1 
I What ? (Object) =Que ? or Qu'est-ce que 1 

I What 1 (Disj uuctive)=Quoi % 

Contract de and & with le and les in lequel, lesquels, lesquelles. 

EXAMPLES. 

Wlw is speaking? Qui parle, or qui est-ce qui parle? 

Whom do you love? Qui aimez-vous, or qui est-ce que v. aimez? 

What makes you laugh? Qu'est-ce qui vous fait rire? 

What do you say? Que dites-vous, or qu'est-ce que vous dites? 

Of ivhat are you speaking? De quoi parlez-vous? 

EXERCISES. 

Qui vous a donne* ce beau bouquet? De qui avez-vous recu 
cette jolie bague ? A qui avez-vous donne le livre que vous 
avez achete hier? Qui attendez-vous ce soir? Laquelle de ces 
robes pr6ferez-vous, la blanche ou la bleue ? Je ne sais a la- 
quelle donner la preference. Quel opera preferez-vous? Duquel 
parlez-vous? Auquel donnez-vous la preference? Quels operas 
avez-vous deja entendus? Quo", de quoi, a quoi? 

1. Who disturbs you? What disturbs you? 2. Who makes 
(fait) that noise? What makes that noise? 3. With what did 
you make that noise? 4. Why are you sad? What makes 
(rend) you sad? 5. Who spoke bad to you? Which one of 
these boys has struck you ? 6. Tell me what you want. What 
makes him laugh? What did you tell him? 7. What! can you 
not learn this lesson ? With what are you amusing yourself? 

8. What you are doing now is useless. Do what I tell you. 

9. I know who likes you; I know whom you like. 10. Tell me 
what I can do for you; I promise you to do what I can. I will 
relate you all I know. 11. Who is talking? What did you say? 
What is it? What do you want? 



118 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

PERSONAL. PRONOUNS. 

Disjunctive Pronouns. 

moi, I, me nous, we, us 

toi, thou, thee vous, you, you 

lui, he, him eux, they, them 

elle, she, her elles, they them 

soi, one self 

Pronouns are called disjunctive when used alone or after 
a preposition. They are called conjunctive when used with 
the verb without any preposition. 

Myself, thyself, etc. , are rendered by moi-rn£me, toi-meme, 
lui-meine, elle-meme, nous-memes, vous-nieme (s), eux-memes, 
elles-memes. 

EXAMPLES. 

This is for me; that is for you. Ceci est pour moi; cela est pour vous. 

Who did that f 1 did. Qui a fait cela? Moi (or c'est moi). 

/ did that myself. J'ai fait cela moi-meme. 

You study; he plays always. Vous, v. etudiez; lui, iljoue toujours. 

Everybody thinks of himself. Ohacuu pense a soi. 

EXERCISES. 

Qui a dit cela? C'est moi, c'est toi, c'est lui, c'est elle; c'est 
nous, c'est vous, ce sont eux, ce sont elles. C'est mon frere et 
mes soeurs; ce sont mes soeurs et mon frere. Est-ce vous? Non, 
ce n'est pas moi. Est-ce lui? Non, ce n'est pas lui. N'est-ce pas 
elle? Ce n'est pas elle, c'est sa sceur. Qui sont ces dames? Ce 
sont nos voisines ; nous allons au concert avec elles. Chacun 
pour soi et Dieu pour tous ; c'est le proverbe de l'egoiste. Le 
prince nous a ecrit lui-meme. 

1. With him or without him ; for him or against him. 2. Be- 
fore me or after me ; near you or far from you. 3. At my house 
(chez moi), at his house, at her house; at our house, at your 
house, at their house. 4. I am going home, he is going home, 
she is going home; are you going home? 5. I am not at home 
after five o'clock; are you at home at half past seven? 6. "With 
you I always succeed, without you I shall not succeed. 7. Ac- 
cording to him, you are wrong; according to her, you are right. 
8. As to me I think you will succeed in spite of her. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 119 

CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS. 





Subject. 




je, I 
nous, we 


tu, thou il, he 
vous, you ils, they 

Object. 


elle, she 
elles, they 



1.— Me, me, to me; te, thee, to thee; nous, us, to us; vous, 
you, to you; se, himself, herself, themselves, to himself, 
to herself, to themselves, one's self. 

2. — Le, him; la, her; les, them. 

3. — Lui, to him, to her; leur, to them. 

4. — Y, to it, to that, there. 

5. — En, of or from it, of or from that, of or from them, 
from there, some. 

PLACE OF CONJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Subject-pronouns are placed before or after the verb as in 
English. 

Object-pronouns are placed immediately "before the verb, 
except in the affirmative Imperative, when they are placed 
after the verb ; then moi, toi are used instead of me, te. 

Ne is placed immediately before the object pronouns. 

EXAMPLES. 

You can; can you? Do you see? V. pouvez; pouvez-Yous? Voyez-v. ? 
You see me; I do not see you. Vous me voyez; je ne vous vois pas. 
Do you not see them? Ne les voyez-vous pas ? 

Did you not see them? Ne les avez-vous pas vus? 

Speak to me; do not speak to me. Parlez-moi ; ne me parlez pas. 

EXERCISE. 

1. You are; you are not; are you? 2. Are you not? Can 
you? Can you not? You cannot. 3. You see me; you speak 
to me; do you see me? Do you speak to me? 4. He sees him, 
he sees her, he sees them ; he does not see liim, he sees her, he 
does not see them. 5. Do you see him? Do you see her? Do 
you see them? Does he not see him? 6. He speaks to him ; he 
speaks to her; he speaks to them; does he speak to them? 

7. Does he not speak to them? Why did he not speak to them? 

8. Why did she not send us her potograph? 9. Because you 
did not yet send yours to her. 10. Write to her right away 
and tell her that I am going to send her mine next week. 



120 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



ORDER OF OBJECT-PRONOUNS. 

When a verb has two or three object-pronouns, they are 
placed before the verb in the following order : 



1. 


2. 


3. 


4. 


5. 


rue 
te 


le 
la 


lui 
leur 


y 


en 


se 


les 








nous 










vous 











But, in the affirmative Imperative, le, la, les come first 
(after the verb) . 

Remark. — On account of euphony, y-moi is used instead of moi- 
y, and m'en instead of moi-en. 

EXAMPLES. 



I will send you these hooks to B. 
I will send them to you there. 
Send them to me soon. 
Do not send them to him. 



Je vous enverrai ces livres a B. 
Je vous les y enverrai. 
JZiiYoyez-l es-moi bientot. 
Ne les lui envoyez pas. 



Will you send them to me there? Youlez-vous me les y envoyer? 

EXERCISES. 

Lui et moi, nous sonnnes amis ; je pensais que vous le saviez. 
Je vous en prie, ne parlez pas mal de lui. II viendra nous voir; 
je le sais, il me Ta dit. Si les enfants desirent aller au pare, 
menez-les-y ; mais s'ils sont fatigues, ne les y menez pas. J'ai 
une bonne affaire ; je vais vous la proposer ; si vous y consentez, 
vous gagnerez beaucoup. Si vous avez de bon vin, envoyez- 
m'en une douzaine de bouteilles. 

1. Will you please show me the way? Come with me. I will 
show it to you. 2. I have lent him some money; he did not 
yet give it back to me. 3. If you see him, speak of me to hhn. 
I will speak of you to him. 4. Tour dog pleases (to) her, will 
you sell it to her ? I do not sell it to anybody. 5. He does not 
like beer ; do not offer any to him. 6. His father is sick ; did 
she write it to you? We expect a letter from him. 7. As soon 
as you have news, send some to me right away. 8. There are 
beautiful flowers in your garden ; give me some. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH (HtAMMAR. 121 

II est, or e'est. 

When the pronoun it stands for a noun, it must be turned 
by he or she and be translated accordingly, as there is no neu- 
ter in French. But when it stands for a, proposition or can be 
turned by that, it is translated by Ce. 

He is, she is or it is=il est, elle est before an adjective 
(or a noun used adjectively). 
He is, she is or it is— c'est before a noun or a pronoun. 

(The noun is sometimes preceded by an adjective, or sometimes 
is understood.) 

It is==il est when used as an impersonal verb. 

Remark. — Ce sont, they are, it is is used only when directly fol- 
lowed by a plural noun or a pronoun of the third person plural. 

EXAMPLES. 

Here is a rose, it is beautiful. Voici une rose; elle est belle. 

it is a beautiful rose. C'est une belle rose. 

it is sure you will lose. II est certain que vous perdrez. 

You will lose, it is sure. Vous perdrez, c'est certain. 

she is sick; sue is the patient. Elle est nialade; c'est la malade. 

He is a doctor. II est docteur; c'est un docteur. 

Who is it? It is I; it is Mary. Qui est-ce? C'est moi; c'est Marie. 

EXERCISES. 

Cet oiseau est joli et il chante tres bien. Cette rose est tres 
belle et elle sent tres bon. II f aut etudier ; il f aut savoir ecou- 
ter; il est bon de savoir se taire a propos. II est temps d'aller 
chez nous. II est certain que votre frere reussira; votre frere 
reussira, c'est certain. Qui sont ces dames? Ce sont nos amies. 
C'est ma cousine et ses voisines. 

1. He is studious ; she is studious ; they are studious. 2. He 
is a studious boy ; she is a good girl; they are good children. 
3. Who is there ? It is I ; it is Mary ; it is your brother and 
your sister. 4. Who are these boys? They are my cousins. 
5. They are my best friends. They are older than I. 6. I am 
thirteen years old and they are fourteen. 7. My uncle lives 
in Paris ; he is a doctor ; he is rich. 8. Who is that gentleman ? 
He is our doctor ; he is the best doctor in the city. 9. Every 
one thinks so ; it is not doubtful. 10. He will cure my brother 
soon, it is sure. He promised me so yesterday. 



122 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



INDEFINITE 
ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS. 



ADJECTIVES. 

chaque, each 
quelque, some 
quelques, a few 
quelconque, whatever 
maint, many a 
certain, certain 
divers, different 
different, different 



PRONOUNS. 

chacun, every one tous les deux, both 
quelqu'un, some one tous deux, both 
quiconque, whoever l'un, 1' autre, the one, the 
tout le monde, every- other 

a autrui, to others 
la plupart, most 
on or Ton, people, they 
rien, nothirig 



body 
personne, nobody 
quelque chose, some- 
thing 



The following can be adjectives and pronouns 



aucun, not one, no... 
pas un, not one, no... 
nul, not one, no... 



plusieurs, several 
autre, other 
meme, same, self 



tout, tous, toute, tou- 

tes, all, every 
tel, such 



Remarks. — 1. The whole... is changed to all the, tout le, 
toute la... 

2. Such, before an adjective, is changed to so, si. 

3. When quelqu'un, personne, quelque chose, rien, are followed by 
an adjective (or a Past Participle), de is used between quelqu'un, etc. 
and the adjective or Participle. 

4. Not anybody, not anything are translated by personne, 
rien. 

EXAMPLES. 



Each pupil is in his place. 

Every one answers in his turn. 

Several pupils are absent. 

Several are side. 

I hwiv the whole town. 

Such a book. Such apretty booh. 

Something new. 

We study the same lessons . 
Obey the laws, even unjust ones. 
They were all black. 
TJiey ivere quite black. 
Whatever riches they may have.. 
However rich they may be. . . 
Wliatever may be his wealth... 



Chaque eleve est a sa place. 
Chacun repond a son tour. 
Plusieurs eleves sont absents. 
Plusieurs sont malades. 
Je connais toute la ville. 
Un tel livre. Un si joli livre. 
Quelque chose de nouveau. 

Nous etudions les memes lecons. 
Obeissez aux lois meme* injustes. 
lis etaient tons noirs. 
Us etaient tout* noirs. 
Quelques richesses qu'ils aient... 
Quelque* riches qu'ils soient... 
Quel-lef que soit sa fortune... 



* When meme, tout, quelque are used as adverbs they are invariable. 
t In this sentence, quel is an adjective and que is a conjunction. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 123 

NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 

The numerals have been given on page 51. 

1. In quatre-vingt and in deux cent (trots cent, etc.) write 

vingt and cent with s, when they are followed by a noun 
which they limit. That noun is sometimes understood. 

2. Instead of mille, Avrite mil for dates of the Christian era. 

3. For the date of the month, use cardinal numbers, le pre- 

mier excepted. 

4. For sovereigns, and also in quoting a page, a chapter, use 

cardinal numbers, premier and sometimes second excepted. 

EXAMPLES. 

One hundred francs; 200 francs. Cent francs; deux cents francs. 

Twenty francs; eighty francs. Vingt francs ; quatre-vingts francs. 

Two hundred and eighty francs. Deux cent quatre-vingts francs. 

May 1st; May 2nd. Le premier mai; le deux mai. 

Napoleon I; Napoleon 111. Napoleon Premier ; Napoleon Trois. 

EXERCISES. 

Quatre-vingts francs ; quatre-vingt-un francs ; quatre-vingt- 
dix francs. Deux cents soldats ; deux cent cinquante soldats ; 
deux cent quatre-vingts soldats. Vous avez gagne cent dollars, 
et j'en ai gagne deux cents. Etudiez votre lecon. Quelle page? 
Page quatre-vingt. En quelle annee est-il ne? En mil huit cent 
quatre-vingt. Napoleon I ev mourut a Sainte-Helene le cinq mai 
mil huit cent vingt et un. 

1. You have twenty francs ; if I give you sixty francs how 
much will you have? 2. I would have eighty francs. I would 
like to have one hundred francs. 3. This horse costs eight 
hundred francs ; I will sell it for seven hundred and eighty 
francs. 4. There are two hundred thousand soldiers in that 
country. 5. Louis XIV died in 1715; he reigned seventy-two 
years. 6. Louis XVI was born in seventeen hundred and fifty- 
four ; he perished on the scaffold on the twenty-first of January 
seventeen hundred and ninety-three. 7. My brother was born 
on the first of February one thousand eight hundred and 
eighty. 8. Napoleon the Third died at Chislehurst in England, 
on the ninth of January eighteen hundred and seventy-three. 



124 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

ADVERBS. 

HOW TO FORM AN ADVERB FROM AN ADJECTIVE. 

If the adjective ends in a yowel, add ment. 

If ending in a consonant, add ment to the feminine. 

If ending in ant or ent, change to amment, eminent, 

Eemark. — Many adjectives are used as adverbs, and, as such, are 
invariable. 

PRINCIPAL EXCEPTIONS. 

beau, bellement, finely gentil, gentiinent, prettily 

nouveau, nouvellement, newly lent, lentement, slowly 

fou, follement, foolishly present, presentement, presently 

mou, mollement, softly precis, precisement, precisely 

gai, gaiment, cheerfully coinmun, communement, commonly 

impuni, impunement, with impunity 

expres, expressement, expressedly 

EXAMPLES. 

lie is polite; he speaks politely. II est poli; il parle poliment. 

Me is active; he works actively. II est actif; il travaille activement. 

He is patient; he waits patiently . II est patient; il attend patiemment. 

Her voice is false; she sings false. Sa voix est fausse ; elle chante faux. 

You accuse me wrongly. Vous m'accusez faussement. 

EXERCISE. 

Write adverbs formed from the following adjectives : 
1. Poli, actif, facile, utile, fort, aise. 2. Aifreux, precieux, 
pauvre, riche, froid, ehaud. 3. Egal, leger, hardi, digne, Chre- 
tien, honnete. 4. Brillant, positif, puissant, lent, courant, 
present. 5. Affectueux, tendre, reel, joyeux, fler, dernier. 
6. Patient, gai, nouveau, prudent, gentil, meilleur. 7. Mortel, 
seul, naif, fin, net, exact. 8. Fou, beau, impuni, precis, 
exprds, franc. 9. Public, doux, faux, sot, secret, complet. 

10. Frais, sec, long, odieux, eternel, loyal, heroique, regulier. 

11. Amer, amical, contraire, correct, ancien, doux. 12. Atroce, 
horrible, affreux, abominable, tranquille. 13. Adroit, devot, 
pieux, coquet, bref, nouveau. 14. Actif, gentil, artistique, 
public, eoraique, exact. 15. Heureux, inquiet, precieux, 
odieux, tendre, cher. 16. Joli, petit, fidele, familier, gai, fier. 
17. Leger, glorieux, gracieux, poli, grossier, lourd. 18. Injuste, 
etroit, haut, profond, large, grand. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



125 



NEGATIVES. 



tie 
ne 
ne 
ne 
ne 



. pas, not. 
. point, not. 
. plus, no more. 
. jamais, never. 
. rien, nothing. 



ne . . . personne, nobody. 
ne . . . aucun, not one. 
ne . . . nul, not one. 
ne . . . ni . . . ni, neither . . . nor. 
ne . , . que, only, nothing but. 
ne . . . guere, but little, hardly. 

Remarks. — 1. Ne is used before a verb only; no verb, no ne. 

2. Pas may be omitted after pouvoir, savoir (used for pouvoir) 
oser, cesser, si, depuis que, ily a... que, etc. 

3. Not anything=rien ; not anybody=personne. 

4. In a compound tense, _?;«$, point, ptlus, jamais, Hen, guere are 
placed before the Past Participle. 



EXAMPLES. 



WJw did that?— Not 1. 

1 did not see anybody. 

Nobody saw me. 

I have no money {not any money). 

I have no more money . 



Qui a fait cela? — Pas moi. 
Je n'ai vu personne. 
Personne ne m'a vu. 
Je n'ai pas d'argent. 
Je n'ai plus d'argent. 



EXERCISES. 

Je ne vous entends pas ; je ne vous ai pas entendu. Ne nous 
avez-vous pas entendus? fites-vous encore fatigue? Non, je ne 
suis plus fatigue\ Ni moi non plus. N'a-t-il pas encore flni 
sa lettre? II ne l'a merae pas encore commencee. II ne voyage 
jamais ; il n'a jamais quitte la ville ou il est ne. Qui avez-vous 
vu? Personne. Qu'est-ce que vous avez fait? Rien. Je n'ai vu 
personne ; je n'ai rien fait. 

1. I am neither hungry nor thirsty, but I am tired. 2. Your 
cousin Louise is no longer tired. 3. That man does not know 
any one in this city and he has no money. 4. Can you not 
give him some money? I have nothing but a dollar in my 
pocket. 5. You eat little; you have hardly any appetite. 
Are you not hungry ? 6. Not at all. Do not speak to him, he 
cannot hear you. 7. Who said that? Not I. Do you study? 
Not much. Will you go for a walk? Why not? 8. It is out 
of (par) friendship that I did it, not out of interest. 9. That 
boy can neither read nor write. He is only seven years. 



126 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

FEMININE 
OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN EUR. 

If ending in 6rieur, add e to the masculine. Majeur and 
mineur also take e. 

If ending in eur, change eur to euse. 

If ending in teur, change teur to trice ; but if it is directly 
formed from the Present Participle, change to teuse. 

Nouns which are generally used for male professions remain 
unchanged for the feminine, as docteur, professeur, amateur, 
connaisseur, imposteur; ecrivain, temoin, poete, tyran. 

PRINCIPAL EXCEPTIONS. 

inspecteur, inspector, inspectrice persecuteur, persecutor, persecutrice 
empereur, emperor, imperatrice gouverneur, governor, gouvernante 
serviteur. servant, servante ambassadeur, ambassador, ambassa- 

vengeur, avenger, vengeresse chanteur, singer, chanteuse [drice 
peckeur, sinner, pecheresse chanteur {great) singer, cantatrice 

EXAMPLES. 

She is a superior woman. C'est une femme superieure. 

He is a liar; she is a story-teller. C'est un menteur; c'est une menteuse. 
He is an actor; she is an actress. C'est un acteur ; c'est une actrice. 
That lady is an excellent author. Cette dame est un excellent auteur. 

EXERCISE. 

Write the following words in the feminine singular : 
1. Meilleur, majeur, mineur, superieur. 2. Menteur, chan- 
teur, acteur, bienfaiteur. 3. Exterieur, interieur, inferieur, 
anterieur. 4. Penseur, r£veur, pleureur, moqueur. 5. Imita- 
teur, consolateur, liberateur, usurpateur. 6. Ambassadeur, 
empereur, gouverneur, voleur. 7. Testateur, trompeur, gron- 
deur, vendeur. 8. Persecuteur, serviteur, pecheur, conserva- 
teur. 9. Auteur, docteur, professeur, connaisseur. 10. Admi- 
rateur, instituteur, coureur, danseur. 11. Heureux, pr6cieux, 
delicieux, jaloux. 12. Actif, bref, neuf, veuf. 13. Attentif, 
vif, captif, decisif. 14. Chretien, bon, parisien, mignon. 
15. Pareil, r6el, vermeil, cruel. 16. Gentil, civil, liberal, 
principal. 17. Violet, eternel, loyal, sujet. 18. Rouge, roux, 
blancj noir. 19. Doux, vieux, faux, fixe. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



127 



ADJECTIVES CHANGING THEIR MEANING ACCORDING TO 
THEIR POSITION. 



un homme grand, a tall man 
un grand homme, a great man 
nn brave homme, a honest man 
un homme brave, a brave man 
une f emme sage, a wise woman 
une sage-femme, a mid-wife 
un bomme bon, a good man 
un bon homme, an artless man 
une histoire vraie, a true story 
une vraie histoire, a mere story 



un honnete homme, an honest man 
un homme honnete, a polite man 
la derniere annec, the last year {of a 
l'annce derniere, last year [series) 
un simple soldat, a private soldier 
un soldat simple, a foolish soldier 
une certaine nouvelle, certain neivs 
une nouvelle certaine, a reliable news 
de mechants vers, bad verses 
des vers mechants, malicious verses 



NOUNS HAVING A DIFFERENT SIGNIFICATION ACCORDING TO 
THEIR GENDER. 



le livre, the book 
la livre, the pound 
le page, the page (boy) 
la page, the page 
le souris, the smile 
la souris, the mouse 
le pendule, pendulum 
la pendule, the clock 
le vapeur, the steamer 
la vapeur, the steam 
le guide, the guide 
la guide, the reins 



le voile, the veil 
la voile, the sail 
le vase, the vase 
la vase, the mud 
le mode, the mood 
la mode, the fashion 
le manche, the handle 
la manche, the sleeve 
le memoire, the bill 
la memoire, memory 
le poste, the post 
la poste, the post-office 



le somme, the slumber 
la somme, the sum 
le tour, the trick 
la tour, the tower 
le mousse, the ship-boy 
la mousse, the moss 
le garde, the keeper 
la garde, the watch 
un aigle, an eagle 
une aigle, eagle {flag) 
un poele, a stove 
une poele, a frying pan 



FEMININE OF A FEW NOUNS. 



le dieu, the god, 
le roi, the king, 
le prince, the prince, 
le due, the duke, 
le comte, the count, 
le marquis, the m. , 
le baron, the baron, 
le maitre, the master, 



la deesse 
la reine 
la princesse 
la duchesse 
la comtesse 
la marquise 
la baronne 
la maitresse 



le heros, the hero 
le compagnon, the c. 
le veuf , the ividoiver 
le lion, the lion 
le tigre, the tiger 
le loup, the wolf 
le cheval, the horse 
le chien, the dog 



l'herome 
la compagne 
la veuve 
la lionne 
la tigresse 
la louve 
la jument 
la chienne 



128 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



IDIOMS WITH AVOIR. 



j'ai faim {hunger), I am hungry 

j'ai soif (thirst), I am thirsty 

j'ai chaud, I am warm 

j'ai froid, 1 am cold 

j'ai raison, am right 

j'ai tort, I am wrong 

j'ai (fear), 1 am afraid 

j'ai honte (shame), I am ashamed 

je suis honteux, 1 am ashamed 

j'ai sommeil (sleep), I am sleepy 

j'ai en vie, 1 have a mind 

j'ai l'intention, I intend 

j'ai le dessein, 1 intend 

j'ai besom, 1 need 

il a l'air inalade, he looks ill 

il a bonne mine, he looks good 

il a mauvaise mine, he looks bad 

j'ai soin. I take care 

j'ai coutume, I have the habit 

avoir sujet de, to have a cause for 

avoir lieu de, to have a cause for 

avoir lieu, to take place 

qu'avez-vous or qu'est-ce que vous 

avez ? what is the matter with 

you ? 
j'ai quelque chose, something is 

the matter with me 
je n'ai rien, nothing is the matter 

with me 
quel age avez-vous? how old are 

you? 
j'ai quinze ans, 1 am fifteen 
il a de quoi, he has means 



avoir beau, to be in vain to 
il a beau dire, he speaks in vain 
il a mal a la tete, he has a headache 
il a mal aux dents, he has a tooth- 
ache 
il a mal a la gorge, he has a sore 

throat 
il a mal au cceur, he feels sick 
il a bon caractere, he is good 

tempered 
il a mauvais caractere, he is bad 

tempered 
il a le cceur sur les levres, he is 
open-hearted 

je me suis trompe de chemin, 1 

took the wrong way 
je me suis trompe d'exercice, I 

wrote the wrong exercise 
je me suis trompe de lecon, 1 

studied the wrong lesson 
est-ce le chemin? is that the right 



ce n'est pas le livre qu'il faut, it 

is not the right book 
ce n'est pas le mot qu'il faut, it 

is not the right word; it is the 

wrong word 
ce n'est pas bien, c'est mal, it is 

not rigM, it is wrong 
l'endroit de l'etoffe, the right side 

of the goods 
Ten vers de..., the wrong side of... 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



129 



VERBS. 



TENSES IN THEIR GRAMMATICAL ORDER. 



SIMPLE TENSES. 



COMPOUND TENSES. 

Indicative. 



Present : 1 do or 1 am doing 
Imperfect : 1 was doing* 
Preterite : I did 
Future : 1 shall\ do 



Present : / should\ do 

Present : do 

Present: I may do 
Imperfect : 1 might do 

Present : to do 



Present: doing 
Past: 



Past Indef. : 1 have done 
Pluperfect : I had done 
Past Anter. : 1 had done 
Fut. Anter. : I shall\ have done 



Conditional. 

Past: 

Imperative. 



1 should^ have done 



Subjunctive. 

Past : I may have done 

Pluperfect : I might have done 

Infinitive. 

Past : to have done 



Participle. 

Present : 



having done 



* I was doing or I used to do. 
§ Done or been doing. 



t I shall or will. 
% I should or would. 



130 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



AVOIR, to have. 



o tu 
fc il 

§ V - 

ph ils 



£ tu 

fe ll 

M ils 



3' 

tu 
il 



n, 



H 

« v. 
* ils 



ai 
as 
a 

av ons 
av ez 
ont 



av ais 
av ais 
av ait 

av ions we had 
av iez you had 
av aient ^ey hud 



I have 








thou hast 




aie 


he has 


< 






iv e have 


2 

w 




ayons 


you have 


Ph 




ayez 


they have 






1 had 


. 


que j' aie 


thou hadst 


pq 


que 


tu aies 


he had 


02 


qu' 


il ait 



eu s 
eu s 
eu t 
eu mes 
eu tes 
eu rent 



y aur ai 
w - tu aur as 
g il aur a 
h n. aur ons 
&, v. aur ez 

ils aur ont 



I had 
thou hadst 
he had 
we had 
you had 
they had 

I shall have 
thou wilt have 
he will have 
ive shall have 
you will have 
they will have 

1 should have 



j j aur ais 
-< tu aur ais thou wouldst h. 
o il aur ait he ivould have 
£ n. aur ions we should have 
§ v. aur iez you ivould have 
§ ils aur aient they would have 



have 

let us have 
have 



that I may 
that t. mayst 
that he may 



ayons that we may 



that you may 
that they may 



02 que n 

| que v. ayez 

* qu'ils aient 



^ que j' euss e hat 1 
§ que tu euss es that thou 
OT . qu'il eu t that he 

§ que n. euss ions that we 
g que v. euss iez that you 
g qu'ils euss ent that they 



§ 



infinitive, avoir, to have 
present part., ay ant, having 
past part., eu, had 



COMPOUND TENSES. 



PAST INDEFINITE 
PLUPERFECT 
PAST ANTERIOR 
FUTURE ANTERIOR 
CONDITIONAI PAST 



j'ai 

j'avais 

j'eus 

j'aurai 

j'aurais 



eu 



past subj. que j'aie ett 

pluperfect subj. que j'eusse " 
past infinitive avoir '* 

present part. ayant " 



Write Exercise 1, page 171. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



131 



^TRE, to be. 



- je euis 


lam 


w 


S tu es 


thou art 


> sois be 


g il est 


he is 


1 


„• n. sonimes 


we are 


gj soyons let us be 


g v. gtes 


you are 


£ soyez be 


^ ils sont 


they are 


?3 " 


. j' et ais 

5 tu etais 


1 was 

thou ivast 


^ que je sois that I may 
g que tu sois that t. mayst 


" il et ait 


he was 


cg qu'il soit that he may ^ 


gj n. et ions 


we were 


do que n. soyons that we may ^ 


g v. etiez 


you were 


ti que v. soyez that you may 


M ils et aient 


they were 


* qu'ils soient that they may 


. je fu s 


I was 


g que je fuss e that 


g tu fu s 


thou wast 


id que tu fuss es that thou g 


S il fu t 
h n. fii mes 
§ v. fu tes 


he was 


M . qu'il fu t that he -g 


we were 


p| que n. fuss ions that we [§> 


you were 


g que v. fuss iez that you § 


* ils fu rent 


they were 


g qu'ils fussent that they 


je serai 


I shall he 




$ tu ser as 


thou wilt be 




g il ser a 


he will be 




h n. ser ons 


ive shall be 


infinitive, etre, to be 


fe v. serez 


you will be 




ils ser ont 


they iv ill be 


present part., et ant, being 


J je serais 
g tu ser ais 
o il ser ait 


1 should be 
thou wouldst be 


past part., ete, been 


he ivould be 




£ n. ser ions 


we should be 




Q v. ser iez 


you ivould be 




g ils ser aient 


they ivould be 






COMPOUN1 


) TENSES. 


FAST INDEFINITE 


j'ai 6te" 


past subj. que j'aie 6te" 


PLUPERFECT 


j 'avals " 


pluperfect subj. que j'eusse " 


PAST ANTERIOR 


j'eus " 


past infinitive avoir " 


future anterior j'aurai " 


present part. ayant " 


conditional past j'aurais " 





Write Exercise 2, page 171. 



132 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



FIRST CONJUGATION. 

Donner, to give. 



- je donn e 
2 tu donn es 
g il donn e 
ro - n. donn ons 
g v. donn ez 
fc ils donn ent 



thou givest 
he gives 
we give 
you give 
they give 



. je donn ais 
o tu donn ais 
fe il donn ait 
| n. donn ions 
& v. donn iez 



I was 

thou icast 
he was 
we were 
you were 
a ils donn aieut they were 

. je donn ai I gave 
h tu donn as thou gavest 
3 il donn a he gave 

h n. donn ames we gave 
cl v. donn ates you gave 
^ ils donn el*ent they gave 



je donner ai I shall give 
tu donner as thou wilt give 
il donner a he will give 
n. donner ons we shall give 
v. donner ez you will give 
ils donner ont they will give 



je donner ais 1 should 

tu donner ais t. wouldst 

il donner ait he would 

n. donner ions we should 

v. donner iez you would 



g ils donner aient they would 



donn e 

donn ons 
donn ez 



give 

let us give 
give 



^ que je aonn e I may 

g que tu donn es t 

to qu'il donn e *§ 

m quen. donn ions^ we may g 

I que v. donn iez youmay 

* qu'ils donn ent t. may 

g que je donnass e 

d que tu donnass es 

™ qu'il donna t "$§ .„, 

p§ que n. donnass ions ^ we 

g que v. donnass iez you 

g qu'ils donnass ent ^ey 



Ae may § 



thou % 

63S 



/ie 



infinitive, donn er, fo ^"ve 
present part., donn ant, giving 
past part. , donn 6, given 



COMPOUND TENSES. 



past indefinite j'ai donne" 
pluperfect j'avais " 

PAST ANTERIOR j'eUS " 

FUTURE ANTERIOR j'aurai " 

conditional past j'aurais " 



past subj. que j'aie donne" 
pluperf. subj. que j'eusse " 
past infinit. avoir " 

present part, ayant " 



Write Exercise 3, page 172. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



188 



SECOND CONJUGATION. 

Finir, to finish. 



6 je fini s 
S tu fini s 
g il fini t 
M - n. finiss ons 
w v. finiss ez 
f^ ils finiss ent 

. je finiss ais 

o tn finiss ais 

£ il finiss ait 

^ n. finiss ions 

£5 v. finiss iez 



1 finish 
thou finishest 
he finishes 
ice finish 
you finish 
they finish 

J ivas 

thou wast * 
he was '£ 

we were -1 
you were 



~ ils finiss aient they were 



-. 



. je fin is 
h tn fm is 
3 il fin it 
h n. finimes 
% v. fin ites 
ft ils fin irent 

je finir ai 
w - tu finir as 
g il finir a 
g n. finir ons 
pc v. finir ez 

ils finir out 

_5 je finir ais 
g tn finir ais 
o il finir ait 
S n. finir ions 
§ v. finir iez 
g ils finir aient 



I finished 
thou finishedst 
he finished 
we finished 
you finished 
they finished 

I shall finish 
thou icilt finish 
he iv ill finish 
we shall finish 
you will finish 
they will finish 

1 should 
thouwouldst 
lie would jo 
ive should £ 
you ivould ^ 
they would 



COMPOUND TENSES. 



finis 

finiss ons 
finiss ez 



finish 

let us finish 
finish 



^ que je finiss e 
g que tn finiss es 
- qn'il finiss e 



I may 
t. mayst 
he may "* 



oi quen. finiss ions^ we may s 



S que v. finiss iez 
* qu'ils finiss ent 



2/or* way 
if. may 

que je finiss e that I 
que tu finiss es that thou 
qu'il fini t that he 
quen. finiss ions that we 
que v. finiss iez that you 



-. 



.<* 



g qu'ils finiss ent that they § 

infinitive, fini r, to finish 
pres. part., finiss ant, finishing 
past part., fini, finished 



PAST INDEFINITE 
PLUPERFECT 
PAST ANTERIOR 
FUTURE ANTERIOR 
CONDITIONAL PAST 



j'avais 
j'eus 
j'aurai 
j'aurais 



fini 



PAST SUBJ. 
PLUPERF. SUBJ. 
PAST INFINIT. 
PRESENT PART. 



que 3 aie 
que j'eusse 
avoir 
ayant 



fini 



Write Exercise 4, page 173. 



134 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



THIRD CONJUGATION. 

Kecevoir, to receive. 



regoi s 
regoi s 
regoi t 
recev ons 
recev ez 
reg,oiv ent 

recev ais 
recev ais 
recev ait 
recev ions 
recev iez 
recev aient 

reg us 
reg us 
reg ut 
reg umes 
reg utes 
reg urent 

recevr ai 
recevr as 
recevr a 
recevr ons 
recevr ez 
recevr out 



1 receive 
thou receivest 
he receives 
we receive 
you receive 
they receive 

J was 

thou wast |> 

he was \t 

ive were '| 

you were g 
they were 

I received 
thou receivedst 
lie received 
ive received 
you received 
they received 

I shall 

thou Wilt <a 

he will '% 

we shall § 

you w ill 5> 
they will 



recevr ais 
recevr ais 
recevr ait 
recevr ions 
recevr iez 
recevr aient 



1 should 
th. wouldst 
he would 
we should 
you would 
they would 



regoi s receive 

recev ons let us receive 
recev ez receive 



* queje 
w que tu 
m qu'il 
oa quen. 
ps quev. 

* qu'ils 

i que je 
•5 quetu 
m . qu'il 
% quen. 
g quev. 
g qu'ils 



regoiv e 
regoiv es 
regoive *$ 
recev ions ^ 
recev iez 
regoiv ent 

reguss e 
reguss es 
regu t 
reguss ions 
reguss iez 
reguss ent 



I may 

t. mayst ^ 
he may •% 
ive may § 
youmay ** 
t. may 

I t 

thou % 



:fs we 



you 
they 



•2» 



infinitive, recev oir, to receive 
pres. part., recev ant, receiving 
past part., regu, r< 



PAST INDEFINITE J ai 

pluperfect j'avais 

past anterior j'eus 

FUTURE ANTERIOR j'aui'ai 

conditional past j'aurais 



COMPOUND TENSES 
requ 



past subj. que 3'aie 
pluperf. subj. que j'eusse 
past infinit. avoir 
present part, ayant 



requ 



Write Exercise 5, page 173. 



Remark.— Only six verbs are conjugated like recevoir: apercevoir, to 
perceive; percevoir, to collect (taxes); concevoir, to conceive; decevoir, to 
deceive ; devoir, to owe, must, have to; redevoir, to owe still. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



135 



FOURTH CONJUGATION. 



Vendre, to sell. 



.j jo vend s 
2 tu vend s 
% il vend* 
OT - n. vend ons 
g v. vend ez 
* ils vend ent 



1 sell 

thou sellest 
he sells 
we sell 
you sell 
they sell 



. je vend ais J was 
5 tu vend ais thou wast 
" il vend ait he w s 
gq n. vend ions we were 
£j v. vend iez you were 
* ils vend aient they were 



. je vend is I sold 
h tu vend is thou soldedst 
« il vend it he sold 
h n. vend imes we sold 
§ v. vend ites you sold 
* ils vend irent ^ey soZd 


je vendr ai 
w - tu vendr as 
g il vendr a 
h n. vendr ons 
S v. vendr ez 

ils vendr ont 


/ shall sell 
thou ivilt sell 
he will sell 
we shall sell 
you will sell 
they will sell 


_; je vendr ais 
g tu vendr ais 
o il vendr ait 


1 should 
thou wouldst 
he would p; 



£ n. vendr ions ice should 
§ v. vendr iez you ivould 
g ils vendr nientthey ivould 



vend s 

vend ons 
vend ez 



let us sell, 
sell 



^ que je vend e I may 

g que tu vend es t. mayst 

c« qu'il vend e ~q he may Kg 
d que n. vend ions *f we may U 
g que v. vend iez you may 
* qu'ils vend ent t. may 

•4 que je vendiss e / ^ 

s que tu vendiss es thou % 

" qu'il A^endi t "§ he * 

<| que n. vendiss ions cJs we % 

g que v. vendiss iez you g 
g qu'ils vendiss ent Mey 



infinitive, vend re, to sell 
pres. part., vend ant 
past part. , vend u, sold. 



COMPOUND TENSES. 



past indefinite j'ai vendu 
pluperfect j'avais " 

PAST ANTERIOR j'eilS " 

future anterior j'aurai " 
conditional past j'aurais " 



past sub j. que j'aie vendu 
pluperf. subj. que j'eusse " 
past infinit. avoir 
present part, ay ant " 



Write Exercise 6, page 174. 



* The verb-ending for the third person singular is t ; but when the last 
letter of the stem is t or d, the verb-ending I is left out. 



136 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



Remarks on the Conjugation. 

1. In the interrogative conjugation, when the third per- 
son of a verb ends with a vowel, a euphonic t is placed bet- 
ween the verb and the pronoun il, elle, or on. 

Ai-je? a-t-il? parle-t-elle? parlera-t-il? 

2. When in a question the subject is a noun, that noun is 
generally placed first; then comes the verb followed by the 
pronoun il or elle representing the noun. 

Is your father at home 9 Votre pere est-il ehez lui? 

3. The interrogative form est-ce que is of frequent use in 
conversation. It is the only form used in the first person sin- 
gular, when the regular form would be contrary to euphony. 

Est-ce que je parle? or Parle-je? 
Est-ce que je finis? Est-ce que je vends? 
Est-ce que votre pere est chez lui? 

4. In French we have no progressive form such as / am 
speaking, nor any emphatic form such as 1 do speak. 

I speak, I am speaking, I do speak. =Je parle. 

Are you speaking? Do you speak ? ==Parlez-vous? 

Will you? Are you willing? Do you want f= V" "oulez-v ous? 



5. The Perfect Tense, such as I spoke, is seldom used in 
French Conversation. We use the compound tense. 
1 have spoken. J'ai parle. 

Avoir. 



AFFIRMATIVELY. 


INTERROGATIVELY. 


NEGATIVELY. 


NEGAT.-INTERR. 


j'ai 


ai-je 


je rfaipas 


n'ai-je pas 


tu as 


as-tu 


tu w'as pas 


n'as-tu pas 


il a 


a-t-il 


il w'a pas 


n'a-t-il pas 


nous avons 


avons-nous 


nous w'avons pas 


n'avons-nous pas 


vous avez 


avez-vous 


vous w'avez pas 


n'avez-vous pas 


ils ont 


ont-ils 


ils w'ont pas 


n'ont-ils pas 


j*ai eu 


ai-je eu 


je n'ai pas eu 


n'ai-je pas eu 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



13? 



Cod jugate a few of the following verbs. 



aimer 


sauter 


animer 


saluer 


inonter 


adorer 


marcher 


inviter 


publier 


montrer 


admirer 


briller 


eviter 


plier 


declarer 


loner 


couter 


proposer 


prier 


errer 


parler 


conter 


reciter 


lier 


serrer 


causer 


compter 


refuser 


nier 


raconter 


chanter 


amuser 


accepter 


defier 


rencontrer 


preter 


assurer 


trembler 


envier 


ignorer 


desirer 


blamer 


troubler 


apprecier 


inspirer 


demander 


decider 


charmer 


verifier 


respirer 


chercher 


excuser 


enchanter 


creer 


retirer 


trouver 


accuser 


de tester 


recreer 


illustrer 


regarder 


fatiguer 


presser 


agreer 


consacrer 


diner 


imaginer 


toucher 


marquer 


massacrer 


danser 


comparer 


mediter 


pratiquer 


sucrer 


choisir 


obeir 


foumir 


rough- 


asservir 


renssir 


eblouir 


grandir 


rugir 


attendrir 


grossir 


rejouir 


investir 


salir 


avertir 


nourrir 


trahir 


punir 


vieillir 


batir 


perir 


abolir 


ravir 


rajeunir 


divertir 


cherir 


affaiblir 


demolir 


embellir 


convertir 


guerir 


applaudir 


bondir 


enlaidir 


garantir 


saisir 


blanchir 


reflechir 


palir 


ralentir 


agir 


emplir 


remplir 


languir 


repartir 


hair* 


etablir 


unir 


reunir 


retentir 


repandre 


pendre 


pretendre 


repondre 


mordre 


vendre 


dependre 


attendre 


correspondre 


tordre 


rendre 


suspendre 


entendre 


fondre 


romp re 


fendre 


tendre 


descendre 


confondre 


corrompre 


defendre 


etendre 


perdre 


tondre 


interrompre 



* Hair has no diaeresis in the singular of the Present Indicative. 



138 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

ORTHOGRAPHIC CHANGES 

IN THE LAST SYLLABLE OF THE STEM, 

Before a, o. 

Verbs in cer take a cedilla under the c (c) before a or O. 
Verbs in ger take an e after the g before a or o. 

Tracer, je trace, nous tracons, je tracais, je tragai. 
Manger, je mange, nous mangeons, je mangeais. 

Before e mute. 

1. — E (unaccented) in the last syllable of the stem takes a 
grave accent. 

Lever, je leve, il leve, vous levez, ils levent; je leverai. 

In the verbs in eler, eter, some take a grave accent, the 
others double 1 or t. The principal ones are given below. 

Appeler, j'appelle; jeter, je jette; acheter, j'achete. 

2. — E in the last syllable of the stem is changed to e, except 
in the Future and Conditional. But in verbs in 6er, the 6 
does not change. 

Ceder, je cede, il cede, ils cedent, que je cede; je cederai, 
Creer, je cree, il cree. Agreer, j'agree, il agree. 

3. — Y is changed to i before a silent e. But in verbs in ayer, 
the y generally remains unchanged. 

Envoyer, j'envoie, il envoie. Nettoyer, il nettoie, il nettoiera. 

Conjugate a few of the following verbs. 



annoncer 


obliger 


preferer 


acheter (V.) 


effrayer 


avancer 


soulager 


celebrer 


racheter (<) 


essayer 


placer 


juger 


mener 


jeter (tt) 


nettoyer 


tracer 


abreger 


ramener 


cacheter (tt) 


employer 


effacer 


proteger 


repeter 


geler (V) 


noyer 


menacer 


outrager 


esperer 


appeler (11) 


appuyer 


changer 


elever 


posseder 


epeler (11) 


ennuyer 


arranger 


ceder 


regner 


etinceler (11) 


quereller 


engager 


completer 


achever 


renouveler (11) 


regretter 



Write Exercise 7 on page 175. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 189 



DIFFERENT SORTS OF VERBS. 

AUXILIARY. — Avoir and etre are called auxiliary only 
when they are helping to form a compound tense. 

J'ai parle, j'ai eu, j'ai etc, j'ai vu, je suis arrive. 

ACTIVE. — A verb is active or transitive when it has a direct 
object, expressed or understood. 

J'aime mes parents. Servez ce monsieur; servez. 

NEUTER. — A verb is neuter or intransitive when it has no 
direct object. 

Je sors ce soir; je vais au concert. Un crayon sert a ecrire. 

The following neuter verbs always take etre in the com- 
pound tenses: 

aller, to go arriver, to arrive naitre, to be bom 

venir, to come entrer, to enter eclore, to hatch 

revenir, to come back sortir, to go out mourir, to die 

devenir, to become partir, to leave deceder, to die 

parvenir, to succeed tomber, to fall etc., etc. 

Je suis alle, il est arrive, elle est arrivee, elle est venue. 

•PASSIVE. — A passive verb is simply the verb etre conju- 
gated with the Past Participle of a transitive verb. 

The Past Participle, when conjugated with etre, agrees 
in gender and number with the noun or pronoun to which it 
refers. 

II est aime, elle est aimee, elle a ete aimee. 

PRONOMINAL. — A verb is pronominal or reflexive when 
conjugated with je me — , tu te — , il se — or elle se — , nous 
nous — , vous vous — , Us se— or elles se — . 

In the compound tenses, the auxiliary etre, (not avoir) is 
used; and the Past Participle agrees in gender and number 
with me, te, se, nous, vous, when these pronouns are 
direct object of the verb. 

Je me flatte, tu te flattes. II s'est flatte, elle s'est flattee. 

IMPERSONAL. — A verb is impersonal when it is used only 
in the third person singular, and the pronoun il, it, does not 
refer to anything expressed before. 

II pleut, il neige; il est inutile de courir. 



140 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



PRONOMINAL VERBS. 

Se flatter, to flatter one's self. 



Present Indic. 



Imperfect 
Preterite 
Future 
Conditional 

Imperati 



je me flatte 
tu te flattes 
il se flatte 
n. n. flattops 
v. v. flatten 
Us se flatted 

je me flatty's 
je me flatku 
je me flatteim 
je me flatteim's 

flatte-fo* 

flattons-w(ms 

flattez-wws 



Present Subj. que je me flatte 
Imperfect Subj. que je me flattasse 
Infinitive Pres. se flatter 

Present Partic. se flatted 



I flatter myself 

thou flatter st 

he flatters himself 

we flatter ourselves 

you flatter yourself (ves) 

they flatter themselves 

1 was flattering myself 
I flattered myself 
I shall flatter myself 
I should flatter myself 

flatter thyself 

let us flatter ourselves 

flatter yourself (yourselves) 

that 1 may flatter myself 
that 1 might flatter myself 
to flatter one's self 
flattering one's self 



COMPOUND TENSES. 



Past Indefinite je me suis flatte (e) 
tu f es flatte (e) 
il s* est flatte 
elle s'est flattee 
n. n. sommes flattes (es) 
v. v. etes flattes (es) 
Us se sont flattes 
elles se sont flattees 

Pluperfect 
Past Anterior 
Future Anter. 
Condition. Past 
Past Subj. 
Pluperf. Subj. 
Infinitive Past 
Present Partic. 



je m' etais flatte 
je me fus flatte 
je me serai flatte 
je me serais flatte 
que j'e me sois flatte 
que /e me fusse flatte 
s' etre flatte 
s' etant flatte 



I have flattered myself 
thou hast flattered thyself 
he has flattered himself 
she has flattered herself 
we have flattered ourselves 
you have flattered yourself 
they have flattered t. s. 
they have flattered t. s. 

I had flattered myself 
I had flattered myself 
I shall have flattered m. s. 
1 should have flattered m.s. 
I may have flattered m. s. 
1 might have flattered m. s. 
to have flattered one's self 
having jlattered one's self 



Conjugate the following reflexive verbs : 

se fier, to trust se rejouir, to rejoice se punir, to punish o.'s self 
s'arreter, to stop se douter, to suspect se tromper, to be mistaken 
s'affliger, to grieve s'attendre, to expect se divertir, to divert o.'s self 
se lerer, to get up se coucher, to go to bed s'apercevoir, to perceive 
s'eerier, to exclaim se rendre, to surrender se perdre, to lose ones self 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

PASSIVE VERB 
Etre aime, to be loved. 



141 



SIMPLE TENSES- 



Present Indic. 



Imperfect 
Preterite 
Future 
Conditional 
Imperative 
Present Subj. 
Imperfect Subj 
Infinitive 
Present Part. 



je suis 
tu es 
il est 

n. sommes 
v. etes 
ils sont 

i^etais 
je fus 
je serai 
je serais 



mine, e 
aime, e 
aime 
aimes, es 
aimes, es 
aimes 

aime, e 
aime, e 
aime, e 
aime, e 
aime, e 
aime, e 



que je sots 

que jefusse aime, e 

etre aime 

etant aime, e 



Conjugate a few of the following 

etre flatte etre craint 

etre admire 
etre puni 
etre compris 



COMPOUND TENSE8. 

j'ai ('It' aime, e 

tu as ete aime, e 

il a fir aime 

nous avonsete aimes, es 
yous avez He aimes, es 
ils ont ete aimes 

favais ete aime, e 

i'eus Me aime, e 

y aural ete aime, e 

yaurais ete aime, e 

que yaie ete aime, e 

({ueyeusseete aime, e 

avoir ete aime, e 

ay ant ete aime, e 



verbs 



etre cru 
etre servi 
etre vaincu 



etre plaint 
etre mordu 
etre cheri 
etre adore 



Present Indic. 
Imperfect 
Preterite 
Future 
Conditional 
Present Subj. 
Imperfect Subj. 
Infinitive 
Present Part. 
Past Partic. 



IMPERSONAL VERB 

Neiger, to snow. 

simple tenses. compound 

il neige il a 

il neigeait il avait 

il neigea il eut 

il neigera il aura 

il neigerait il aurait 

qu'il neige qu 'ii a it 

qu il neigedt qu'il eut 
neiger avoir 

neigeant ayant 

neige' 



tenses. 

neige 
neige 
neige 

neige 
neige 
neige 
neige 
neige 



Con jug-ate a few of the following verbs: 

tormer, to thunder ge l e r, to freeze 

eclairer, to lighten degeler, 'to thaw 

s agir, to be the question of greler, to hail 

y avoir, to oe there (il y a, there is; il y avait, there teas, etc ) 



142 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



IRREGULAR VERBS IN ER. 



There are only two irregular verbs in er, alter and envoyer. 



d 


je 


yais 


2 


tu vas 


g 


il 


va 




n. 


allows 


fa 


v. 


allez 


ils yont 




f 


allays 


H 

o 


tu allays 


fa 
fa 


il 


alla# 


fa 


n. 


alk'ows 


Cm 


v. 


alliez 


H 


ils 


allaient 




f 


alia* 


fa* 
H 


tu alias 


s 


il 


alia 


fa 


n. 


allames 


03 


v. 


aliases 


fa 


ils allerent 


IN] 


FIN 


it. : aller 





Aller, to go 


w 

D 

& 
fa 


V 

tu 

il 


ira* 
iras 
ira 


n. 


irows 


v. 

ils 


irez 
iront 


►4 

O 


j' ira*s 
tu ira**s 
il irait 


EH 


n. 


irions 


O 


v. iriez 
ils ira^ewi 



PR. part. : sbllcmt 



va 

allows 
allez 



^ quej' aille 
g que tuai lies 
m qu'il aille 
03 que n. alh'ows 
| que v. alh'e^ 
* qu'ils aillew£ 

^ quej' allasse 
d que tu all asses 
w . qu'il alia* 
§ quen. allass*o?is 
g que v. allasse 
s qu'ils allassew* 

past part. : alls' 



compound tenses : je suis alle, etc. 
S'en aller, to go away. 

S'en aller is a pronominal verb ; en is object pronoun and 
must be placed before the verb, except in the affirmative 
Imperative. 

Je m'en vais, je m'en allais ; je m'en suis alle. 
Va-t'en, allons-nous-en, allez-vous-en ; ne t'en va pas. 

Envoyer, to send. 

In envoyer the stem is irregular in the Future and Condi- 
tional only. 

J'envoie, nous envoyons. J'enverrav j'enverraas. 

Write Exercise 9, page 176. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 14o 



IRREGULAR VERBS IN IR, OIR, RE. 

The formation of tenses is very easy and ought to be 
learned thoroughly before going any further. If this is 
neglected, the irregular verbs will be found difficult, while in 
reality they require only a few lessons. 

It has been found of great advantage to have the irregular 
verbs conjugated in the order of their Principal Parts, as every 
tense is then placed under the Principal Part from which it is 
formed.* For example see lire on next page. 

If the Principal Parts of a verb {four words only) are 
known, that verb can be conjugated without a single mistake ; 
because the ending's are always the same, and the Principal 
Parts show what changes, if any, occur in the stem, as: 

Lire, 1. je lis, 2. n. lisons ; 3. je Ins, 4. hi. 
Yetir, 1. je vets, 2. n. xetons; 3. je vet is-, 4. vetu 



* Blanks for the Conjugation of French Verbs in the order of their prin- 
cipal Parts may be obtained from the Publisher. 



144 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



FORMATION OF TENSES. 

To show the formation of tenses better, we give lire in the 
order of its Principal Parts. 

Lire, to write. 



je lir ai 
w - tu lir as 
g il lir a 
g n. lir ons 
fe v. lir ez 

ils lir out 



je lirais 
tu lir ais 
il lir ait 
u. lir ions 
v. lir iez 
ils lir aient 



inflnit. : li re 



d je (1) lis 
3 tu lis 
g il lit 
M - n. (2) lis ous 
w v. lisez 
oh ils lisent 



g tu 
@ n. 
M ils 



lis ais 
lis ais 
lis ait 
lis ions 
lis iez 
lis aient 



^ que je lis e 
g que tu lis es 
m qu'il lise 
n> quen. lis ions 
p| que v. lis iez 
* qu'ils lisent 

pr. part. : lis ant 



I tu 
3 il 

h n. 

« v. 

* ils 



lis 

lis ons 

lisez 



je (3)1 us 



lus 
lut 
1 times 
lutes 
1 urent 



►g que je hiss e 
§ que tu hisses 
™ qu'il lu. t* 
% quen. lussions 
g que v. luss iez 
g qu'ils lussent 

PAST PART. : (4) lU 



PAST INDEFINITE J ai 

pluperfect j 'avals 

PAST ANTERIOR j'eUS 

future anterior j'aurai 
conditional past j'aurais 



COMPOUND TENSES 
lu 



past subj. que j'aie lu 

pluperf. subj. que j'eusse " 
past infinit. avoir 
present part, ayant 



The verb itself (Infinitive) is the stem of the Future and Conditional. 

Part 1 shows the stem for the singular of the Present Indicative. 

Part 2 shows the stem for the plural of the Present and Imperfect Indi- 
cative, and also for the Present Subjunctive and Present Participle. 

The persons of the Imperative are the same as in the Present Indicative. 

Part 3 shows the stem and the ending (either is or ns) of the Preterite. 

The stem of the Imperfect Subjunctive is the Preterite itself with 
double ss. 

Part 4 is the Past Participle which forms the compound tenses with 
avoir or etre. 



* Qn'il lut. The circumflex accent takes the place of the two ss. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



148 



IRREGULAR VERBS IN IR. 



Parti r, to depart. 



FUTURE. 


PRES. INDIC. 


IMPERATIVE. 


je partira* 


i. jo pars 






tn para 

il par/ 


pars 




2. n. partons 
v. partem 

ils parte?*/ 


partom 
partem 


CONDITIONAL. 


IMPERFECT. 


PRETERITE. 


je partirais 


je parta/.s 


3. je partis 




PRES. SUBJ. 


IMP. SUBJ. 




que je parte 


que je part isse 


INFINITIVE. 


PRES. PARTIC. 


PAST PARTIC. 


partir 


partem// 


4. parti 



Conjugate like partir 



sortir, to go out 



1. je sors 



sentir, to feel, to smell 1. je sens 



nieiitir, to tic 
clormir, to sleep 
servir, to serve 
bou/7/ir, to boil 

se repentir, 



2. nous sortojjx 3. je sortis 
2. nous sento?is 3. je sentis 
2. nous mentor 3. je mentis 
2. nous dormo/is 3. je dormis 
2. nous servows 3. je servis 
2. nous bouillons 3. je bouillis 4. bouilli 
repent 1. je me repens 2. nous nous repento/w 
3. je me repentis 4. repenti 



1. je mens 
1. je dors 
1. je sers 
1. jebous 



4. sorti 
4. senti 
4, menti 
4. dormi 
4. servi 



DERIVATIVES. 



repartir, to leave again 

rfepartir, to desist 

resaortir, go out again 

ressentir, to feel 

pressentir, to have a presentiment 

co?isentir, to consent 

ffo'ssentir, to dissent 



assentir, to assent 
<7e'mentir, to oelie 
redormir, to sleep again 
endormir, to lull asleep 
s'endormir, to fall asleep 
cZesservir, to remove the cloth 
resserxiv, to serve again 



Remark. — Assortir. 
like finir. 



to match ; asservir, to enslave, are conjugated 



146 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



Cueillir, to gather, to pick. 



FUTURE. 

je cueilleim 



CONDITIONAL. 

je cueilleims 



INFINITIVE. 

cueillir 



2, 



INDIC. 

je cueille 
tu cueilles 
il cueille 
n. cueillows 
. v. cueilles 
ils cueillew£ 

IMPERFECT. 

je cueillews 

PEES. SUBJ. 

que je cueille 

PEES. PAETIC. 

cueilkmtf 



IMPEEATIVE. 

cueille 

cueillows 
cueilles 



PEETEEITE. 

3. je cueillis 

IMPEEF. SUBJ. 

que je cueillisse 

PAST PAETIC. 

4. cueilli 



I 



Conjugate like cueillir : 

Recueillir, to gather, and accueillir, to receive ; saillir, to project, 
but only in the third person singular; assaillir, to assail, and tressail- 
lir, to start, except in the Future and Conditional which are regular: 
j'assaillira*', je tressaillircu. 

Ouvrir, to open. 



FUTUEE. 


PEES. INDIC. 


IMPEEATIVE. 


j'ouvrira* 


I. j' ouvre 






tu ouvres 


ouvre 




il ouvre 






2. n. ouvnms 


ouvrows 




v. ouvres 


ouvres 




ils ouvrewi 




CONDITIONAL. 


IMPEEFECT. 


PEETEEITE. 


j'ouvrircws 


j'ouvrem 


3. j'ouvm 




PEES. SUBJ. 


IMPEEF. SUBJ. 




que j 'ouvre 


que j'ouvrisse 


INFINITIVE. 


PEES. PAETIC. 


PAST PAETIC 


ouvrir 


ouYrant 


4. ouvert 



Conjugate like ouvrir : 

Couvrir, to cover; recouvrir, to recover; decouvrir, to discover, 
flrir, to offer; soufErir, to suffer. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

Courir, to run. 



147 



FUTURE. 


FRE8. INDIC. 


IMPERATIVE. 


je counm 


I. je cours 






tu cours 


cours 




il coxxvt 






2. n. counms 


courons 




v. coumr 


coure.3 




ils convent 




CONDITIONAL. 


IMPERFECT. 


PRETERITE. 


je cou rim's 


je cou rat's 


3. je courus 




PRES. SUBJ. 


IMPERF. SUBJ. 




que je cou re 


que je courusse 


INFINITIVE. 


PRES. PARTIC 


PAST PARTIC. 


courir 


cowrant 


4. couru 



Conjugate like courir : 
Accourir, to run ; parcourir, to go over 



recourir, to resort to ; 



secourir, to succour, to relieve; concourir, to concur; discourir, to dis- 
course ; encourir, to incur. 

Vetir, to cloth. 



FUTURE. 


PRES. INDIC. 


IMPERATIVE. 


je vetirat 


1. je vets 






tu vets 


vets 




il vet 






2. n. veto?is 


vetons 




v. vete2 


retez 




ils xetent 




CONDITIONAL. 


IMPERFECT. 


PRETERITE. 


je vethm's 


je vetais 


3. je vetis 




PRES. SUBJ. 


IMPERF. SUBJ. 




que je vete 


que je vetisse 


INFINITIVE. 


PRES. PARTIC. 


PAST PARTIC. 


vetir 


Yetcmt 


4. vetu 



Conjugate like vetir : 

Revetir, to cloth ; devetir, to undress ; survetir, to overcloth. 



148 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 





Fuir, to flee. 




FUTUBE. 

je fuira* 


PBES. INDIC. 

1. je fuis 
tu fuis 
il fuit 

2. n. fuy ons 

v. fuyez 
ils fuient 


IMPERAxiVjC. 

fuis 

fuyons 
fayez 


CONDITIONAL. 

je fuiim's 


IMPERFECT. 

je fuy ais 


PEETEEITE. 

3- J e fuis 




PBES. SUBJ. 

que je fuie 
que n. fuy o?is 


IMPEBF. SUBJ. 

que je fuisse 


INFINITIVE. 

fuir 


PEES. PAr.T. 

fuyant 


PAST PABTIC. 

4. fui 



Conjugate like fuir : 
S'enfuir, to run away. 



FUTUEE. 

j'acquerra* 



CONDITIONAL. 

j'acquemus 



INFINITIVE. 

acquerir 



Acqu6rir, to acquire. 

PEES. IND. 

1. j' acquiers 

tu acquiers 
il acquiert 

2. n. acqu€rows 
v. acquerez 
ils acquierm£ 

IMPEEFECT. j 

j'acqueims 

PBES. SUBJ. 

que j'acquiere 
que n. SLcquevions 

PEES. PAETIC. 

a,cquevant 



IKPEEATIVBr 

acquiers 

acquercms 
acquerez 

PBETEBITE. 

3. j'acquis 

IMPEBF. SUBJ. 

que j'acquisse 

PAST PABTIC. 

4. acquis 



Conjugate like acquerir : 
Conquerir, to conquer; requerir, to require; s'enquerir, to inquire. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



149 



Mourir, to die. 



FUTURE. 


PRES. INDIC. 


IMPERATIVE. 


je mourra* 


i. je meurs 






tu meurs 


nieur* 




il meurfJ 






2. n. monvons 


mourow.s 




v. mo ures; 


mouvez 




ils meurm** 




CONDITIONAL. 


IMPERFECT. 


PRETERITE. 


jo mourn* /.s 


je mourais 


3. je mourus. 




PRES. SUBJ. 


IMPERF. SUBJ. 




que je meure 


que je mourusse 




que n. mourio?is 


que n. mourussz'ons 


INFINITIVE. 


PRES. PART. 


PAST PARTIC. 


mourir 


mouTcmt 
Venir, to come. 


4. mort 


FUTUEE. 


PRES. INDIC. 


IMPERATIVE. 


je viendra* 


i. je viens 






tu viens 


viens 




il \ient 






2. u. veno?is 


venons 




v. renez 


ven&z 




ils vienne?^ 




CONDITIONAL. 


IMPERFECT. 


PRETERITE. 


je vien draws 


je xenais 


3. je vins* 




PEES. SUBJ. 


IMPERF. SUBJ. 




que je vienne 


que je vinsse 




que n. venions 




INFINITIVE. 


PRES. PARTIC. 


PAST PARTIC. 


venir 


xenant 


4. venu 



Conjugate like venir : tenir, to hold. 



devenir, to become 
parvenir, to succeed 
obtenir, to obtain 
contenir, to contain 
soutenir, to sustain 



revenir, to come back 
pre venir, to prevent 
con venir, to suit 
retenir, to keep back 
appartenir, to belong 



entretenir, to entertain 
main tenir, to maintain 
se souvenir, to remember 
intervenir, to intervene 
etc., etc. 



Write Exercise 10, page 177. 



* Je vins, tu vins, il vint, nous vinmes, vous vintes, ils vinrent. 



150 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



IRREGULAR VERBS IN OIR. 
S'asseoir, to sit down. 



FUTURE. 

je m'assiSim 



CONDITIONAL. 

je m'assieims 



INFINITIVE. 

s'asseoir 



PEES. INDIC. 

1. je m'assieds 

tu t' assieds 
il s' assied 

2. n. n. asseyows 
v. v. asseyez 
ils s'asseyewtf 

IMPERFECT. 

je m'asseya^s 

PRES. SUE J. 

que je m'asseye 
que n. n. assey*ons 

PEES. PAETIC. 

s'asseyant 



IMPEEATIVE. 

assieds-toi 

asseyons-nous 
asseyez-vous 

PEETEEITE. 

3. je m'assis 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

que je m'assisse 
que n, n. assisswws 

PAST PAETIC. 

4. assis 



OTHER FORMS USED : 

Future : Je m'assoira* or je m'asseyera*. 

Conditional: Je m'assoira^s or je m'asseyem^s. 

Pres. Indic. : Je m'assois, tu t'assois, il s'assoit,— ils s'assoient 

Imperfect : Je m'assoyais, etc. 

Imperative: Assois-toi, asseyons-nous, asseyez-vous. 

Present Subjunctive : Que je m'assoie. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



151 





Voir, to see. 




FUTURE. 


PBES. INDIC. 


IMPERATIVE. 


jo verr«f* 


I. je vols* 


vois 




2. n. voy o?is 
ils voient 


voyons 
voyez 


CONDITIONAL. 


IMPERFECT. 


PRETERITE. 


je verim's 


je voyais 


3. je vis 




PRES. SUBJ. 


IMPERF. SUBJ. 




que je voie 


que je visse 




que n. voy tens 


que n. vissions 


INFINITIVE. 


PRES. PARTIC. 


PAST PARTIC. 


voir 


voyant 


4. vu 



Conjugate like voir : revoir, to see again; entrevoir, to have a 
glimpse of; prevoir, to foresee, but the Future is regular: prevoirta; 
pourvoir, to provide, but the Future is pourvoirtw, and the Preterit 
is pourvus. 

Savoir, to know. 



FUTURE. 

je saunw 

CONDITIONAL. 

je saurais 



INFINITIVE. 

savoir 



FUTURE, 

il pleuvra 

CONDITIONAL. 

il pleuvrcuY 



INFINITIVE. 

pleuvoir 



PRES. INDIC. 

1. je sais 

2. n. savows 

IMPERFECT, 

je sava*s 

PRES. SUBJ. 

que je sache 

PRES. PABTIC. 

sachant 
Pleuvoir, to rain. 

PRES. INDIC. 

i. il pleut 

IMPERFECT. 

2. il pleuvcw7 

PRES. SUBJ. 

qu'il pleuve 

PRES. PARTIC. 

pleuvaratf 



IMPERATIVE. 

sache 

sach ons 

PRETERITE. 

3- je sus 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

que je susse 

PAST PARTIC. 

4. su 



IMPERATIVE. 



PRETERITE. 

3. il plut 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

qu'il plut 

PAST PARTIC. 

4. plu 



152 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



FUTURE. 

je mouvrm 



CONDITION Ali. 

je mouyrais 



INFINITIVE. 

mouvoir 



Mouvoir, to move. 



PEES. INDIC. 

1. je meus 
tu meus 
il meut 

2. n. mouvows 
v. mourez 
ils meuvm£ 

IMPEEFECT. 

je mouvais 

PEES. SUBJ. 

que je meuve 
que n. mouYions 

PEES. PAETIC. 

mouYant 



IMPEEATIVE. 

meus 



mouYons 
mouves 



PEETEEITE. 

3. je mus 

IMPEEF. SUBJ. 

que je inusse 
que n. muss^ows 

PAST PAETIC. 

4. mu, /. mue. 



Conjugate like mouvoir : 
iEmouvoir, to move, to touch; promouvoir, to promote. 

Pouvoir, to be able, can, may. 



]e pourra* 



CONDITIONAL. 

je pourraas 



INFINITIVE. 

pouvoir 



PEES. INDIC. 

je peux or puis* 
tu peua; 
il peu£ 
n. pouvofts 

V. pOUV60 

ils peuvewi 

IMPEEFECT. 

je pouvcws 

PEES. SUBJ. 

que je puisse 
que n. puiss^cms 

PEES. PAETIC. 

-pouYant 



IMPEEATIVE. 



PEETEEITE. 

3. je pus 

IMPEEF. SUBJ. 

que je pusse 
que n. pussions 

PAST PAETIO. 

4. pu 



* Puis is chiefly used interrogatively or negatively, but only in the first 
person singular : Puis- j e — ? Je ne puis .... 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



153 



FUTURE. 

jo voudra* 



CONDITIONAL. 

je voudmis 



INFINITIVE. 

vouloir 



Vouloir, to be willing, to want. 

PBES. INDIC. 



1. je veua; 

2. n. voulons 
ils veulent 

IMPERFECT. 

je vouhw.s 

PRES. SUBJ. 

que je veuille 
que n. youlions 

PRES. PABTIC. 

voulant 



IMPERATIVE. 

veua; 
voulons 

\on\ez 

PRETERITE. 

3. je voulus 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

que je voulusse 
que n. voulussiows 

PAST PARTIC. 

4. voulu 



Irregular Imperative: veuillez=be kind enough to... 
Valoir, to be worth. 



FUTURE. 


PRES. INDIC. 


IMPERATIVE. 


je vaudnw 


i. je vau# 
2. n. valons 




CONDITIONAL. 


IMPERFECT. 


PRETERITE. 


je vaudrat's 


je \a\ais 


3. je valus 




PRES. SUBJ. 


IMPERF. SUBJ. 




que je vaille 
que n. valions 


que je valusse 


INFINITIVE. 


PRES. PABTIC. 


PAST PABTIC. 


valoir 


Yalant 


4. valu 



Prevaloir, to prevail, is regular in the Pres. Subj . : que je prevale. 
Falloir, to be necessary, must. 



FUTUBE, 

il faudra 



CONDITIONAL. 

il faudraiY 



INFINITIVE. 

falloir 



PBES. INDIC. 

1. il fau£ 

IMPEBFECT. 

2. il fallal 

PRES. SUBJ. 

qu'il faille 

PBES. PABTIC. 



IMPERATIVE. 



PRETERITE. 

3. il fallut 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

qu'il fallut 

PAST PABTIC. 

4. fallu 



Write Exercise 11, page 177. 



154 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



IRREGULAR VERBS IN RE. 



Craindre, to fear. 



FUTUEE. 

je craindra* 



CONDITIONAL. 

je craindim's 



INFINITIVE. 

craindre 



PEES. INDIC. 

1. je crains 

tu crains 
il crain£ 

2. n. craignows 
v. craigne£ 
ils craignewi 

IMPEEFECT. 

je craignows 

PEES. SUBJ. 

queje craigne 

PEES. PAETIC. 

craigna^^ 



IMPEBATIVE. 

crains 

craignows 
craigne^ 

PEETEEITE. 

3. je craignis 

IMPEEF. SUBJ. 

que je craignisse 

PEES. PAETIC. 

4. craint 



Conjugate like craindre : all verbs in indre. 



plaindre, to pity 
teindre, to dye 
f eindre, to feign 
joindre, to join 
peindre, to paint 



atteindre, to reach 
etreindre, to clasp 
enceindre, to enclose 
re joindre, to rejoin 
adjoindre, to adjoin 



contraindre, to constrain 
deteindre, to lose its color 
ratteindre, to overtake 
eteindre, to extinguish 
en joindre, to enjoin 



Conduire, to conduct. 



FUTUEE. 

je conduiim 



CONDITIONAL. 

je conduhms 



INFINITIVE. 

conduire 



PEES. INDIC. 

1. je conduis 

2. n. conduisows 

IMPEEFECT. 

je conduisa*s 

PEES. SUBJ. 

que je conduise 

PEES. PAETIC. 

conduis<m£ 



IMPEEATIVE. 

conduis 
conduisows 

PEETEEITE. 

3. je conduisis 

IMPEEF. SUBJ. 

que je conduisisse 

PAST PAETIC. 

4. conduit 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH (iRAMMAR. 



Conjugate like conduire : all verbs in uire. 



reconduire, to take back 
reduire, to reduce- 
di'duire, to deduct 
seduire, to seduce 
trad aire, to translate 
introduire, to introduce 
produire, to produce 



instruire, to instruct 
construire, to construct 
detruire, to destroy 
cuire, to cook 
nuire, to injure 
luire, to .shine 
reluire, to glitter 



Nuire, luire, reluire have no t in the Past Partic. : nui, lui, relui- 



Prendre, to take. 



FUTURE. 


PEES. INDIC. 


IMPERATIVE. 


je prendre^ 


I. je prends 






tu prends 


prends 




il prend 






2. n. prenows 


preno?is 




v. j) rene^ 


prenez 




ils prennentf 




CONDITIONAL. 


IMPERFECT. 


PRETERITE. 


je prendrais 


je pvenais 


3. je pris 




PRES. SUB J. 


IMPERF. SUI2J. 




que je prenne 


que je prisse 




que n. premVms 


que n. prissions 


INFINITIVE. 


PRES. PARTIC. 


PRES. PARTIC. 


prendre 


pvenant 


4. pris 



Conjugate like prendre 

apprendre, to learn 
rapprendre, to learn again 
comprendre, to understand 
reprendre, to take back 



purprendre, to surprise 
entreprendre, to undertake 
s'eprendre, to fall in love 
se meprendre, to be mistaken 



156 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



FUTURE. 

je battra* 

CONDITIONAL. 

je battra*s 



INFINITIVE. 

battre 



Battre, to beat. 

PRES. INDIC. 

1. je bats 

2. n. buttons 

IMPERFECT. 

je batta^s 

PRES. SUBJ. 

que je batte 



PRES. PARTIC. 

h&ttant 



PAST PARTIC. 

4. battu 
Conjugate like "battre : combattre, to fight; abattre, to fell. 



IMPERATIVE, 

bats 
battows 

PRETERITE. 

3. je battis 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

que je battisse 



Vaincre, to vanquish, to conquer. 



FUTURE. 

je vaincra* 



CONDITIONAL. 

je vaincraws 



INFINITIVE. 

vaincre 



PRES. INDIC. 

1. je vaincs 
tu vaincs 

il vainc {no t) 

2. n. vainquows 

IMPERFECT. 

je vainquais 

PRES. SUBJ. 

que je vainque 

PRES. PARTIC. 

vainqucm£ 



IMPERATIVE. 

vaincs 

vainquons 

PRETERITE. 

3. je vainquis 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

que je vainquisse 

PAST PARTIC. 

4. vaincu 



Conjugate like vaincre : convaincre, to convince. 
Coudre, to sew. 



FUTURE. 

je coudim 



INFINITIVE. 

coudre 



PRES. INDIC. 

1. je couds 

2. n. cousons 



IMPERATIVE. 

couds 

COUS0WS 



CONDITIONAL. _ IMPERFECT. PRETERITE. 

je coudnm' je cousais 3. je cousis 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

que je cousisse 

PAST PARTIC. 
4. COUSU 

Conjugate like coudre: decoudre, to rip; recoudre, to sew again 



PRES. SUBJ. 

que je cous 

PRES. PARTIO. 

cousant 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



157 



FUTURE. 

30 conclura* 

CONDITIONAL. 

je conclurcm 



INFINITIVE. 

conclure 



Conclure, to conclude. 



PRES. INDIO. 

i. je conclus 
2. n. concluows 

IMPERFECT. 

je conduces 

PRES. SUBJ. 

que je conclue 

PRES. PARTIC. 

concilia?^ 



IMPERATIVE. 

conclus 
conclutm.s' 

PRETERITE. 

3. je conclus 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

que je conclusse 

PAST PARTIC. 

4. conclu 



Conjugate like conclure : exclure, to exclude. 
Hire, to laugh. 



FUTURE. 

je rirai 


PRES. INDIC. 

1. je ris 

2. n. vions 


IMPERATIVE. 

ris 
vions 


CONDITIONAL. 

je rirais 


IMPERFECT. 

je riais 


PRETERITE. 

3. je ris 




PRES. SUBJ. 

que je rie 


IMPERF. SUBJ. 

que je risse 


INFINITIVE. 

rire 


PRES. PARTIC. 

riant 


PAST PARTIC. 

4. ri 



Conjugate like rire : sourire, to smile. 

Mettre, to put. 



FUTURE. 

je raettra* 

CONDITIONAL- 

je raettims 



INFINITIVE. 

mettre 



PRES. INDIC. 

i. je mets 
2. n. mettons 

IMPERFECT. 

je metku's 

PRES. SUBJ. 

que je mette 

PRES. PARTIC. 

mettant 



IMPERATIVE. 

mets 
mettems 

PRETERITE. 

3- je mis 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

que je misse 

PAST PARTIC. 

4. mis 



Conjugate like mettre: 
admettre, to admit promettre, to promise soumettre, to submit 
permettre, to permit omettre, to omit commettre, to commit 



158 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



Vivre, to live. 



FUTURE. 


PEES. INDIC. 


IMPEEATIVE. 


je vivra* 


i. je vis 


vis 




2. n. vivows 


vivons 


CONDITIONAL. 


IMPERFECT. 


PEETEEITE. 


je vi vim's 


je vivcm 


3. je vecus 




PEES. SUBJ. 


IMPEEF. SUBJ. 




que je vive 


que je vecusse 


INFINITIVE. 


PEES. PAETIC. 


PAST PAETIC. 


vivre 


rivant 


4. v6cu 



Conjugate like vivre : revivre, to live again; survivre, to survive. 
Suivre, to follow. 



FUTUEE, 

je suivim 

CONDITIONAL. 

je sui vim's 



INFINITIVE. 

suivre 



PEES. INDIC. 

1. je suis 

2. n. suivows 

IMPEEFECT. 

je snivais 

PEES. SUBJ. 

que je suive 

PEES. PAETIC. 

smva?it 



IMPEEATIVE. 

suis 
suivows 

PEETEEITE. 

3. je suivis 

IMPEEF. SUBJ. 

que je suivisse 

PAST PAETIC. 

4. suivi 



Poursuivre, to pursue; s'ensuivre,fo/cZ7ow(only in 3rd pers. sing. and pi.) 



FUTUEE. 

j'ecrirai 



CONDITIONAL. 

j'ecrirea's 



INFINITIVE. 

6crire 



Ecrire, to write. 

PEES. INDIC. 

1. j' ecris 

2. n. ecrivows 

IMPEEFECT. 

fecr'wais 

PEES. SUBJ. 

que j'ecrive 

PEES. PAETIC. 

ecvivant 



IMPEEATIVE. 

ecris 
ecrivows 

PEETEEITE. 

3. j'ecrivis 

IMPEEF. SUBJ. 

que j'ecrivisse 

PAST PAETIC. 

4. ecrit 



decrire, to describe souscrire, to subscribe recrire, to write again 
inscrire, to inscribe prescrire, to prescribe proscrire, to proscribe 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



159 



FUTURE. 

je eonnaitra* 

CONDITIONAL. 

je connaitrais 



INFINITIVE. 

connaitre 



Connaitre, to know. 

PRES. INDIC. 

1. je connais 

2. ii. connaisso/ts 



IMPERFECT. 

je connaissai's 

PRES. SUBJ. 

que je connaisse 

PRES. PARTIC. 

connaissrt?^ 



IMPERATIVE. 

connais 
connaissems 

PRETERITE. 

3. je connus 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

que je connusse 

PAST PARTIC. 

4. connu 



Like connaitre : reconnaitre, to recognize ; meconnaitre, not to 
recognize; paraitre, to appear; apparaitre, to appear; comparaitre, 
to appear; disparaitre, to disappear; reparaitre, to reappear; re- 
paitre, to feed. 

Croitre, to grow. 



FUTURE. 

je croitra* 

CONDITIONAL. 

je cvoiivais 



INFINITIVE. 

croitre 



PRES. INDIC. 

i. je crois 

2. 11. croissons 

IMPERFECT. 

je croissai's 

PRES. SUBJ. 

que je croisse 

PRES. PARTIC. 

croissa?i/ 



IMPERATIVE. 
CX01S 

croissons 

PRETERITE. 

3. je crus 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

que je crusse 

PAST PARTIC. 

4. cru 



Accroitre, to grow; decroitre, to decrease; surcroitre, to overgrow. 
Naitre, to be born. 



FUTURE. 

je naitiYu 

CONDITIONAL- 

je naitraj's 



INFINITIVE. 

naitre 



PRES. INDIC. 

i. je nais 

2. n. naisso?is 

IMPERFECT. 

je naissais 

PRES. SUBJ. 

que je naisse 

PRES. PARTIC. 

naissa?i£ 



IMPERATIVE. 

nais 
naissons 

PRETERITE. 

3. je naquis 

IMPERF. SUBJ. 

que je naquisse 

PAST PARTIC. 

4. n$ 



160 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



Dire, to say, to tell. 



FUTURE. 


PRES. INDIC. 


IMPERATIVE. 


je divai 


I. je dis 






tu dis 


dis 




il di* 






2. n. disons 


disons 




v. dites 


dites 




ils disent 




CONDITIONAL. 


IMPERFECT. 


PRETERITE. 


je dircws 


je disc's 


3. je dis 




PRES. SUBJ. 


IMPERF. SUBJ 




que je dise 


que je disse 


INFINITIVE. 


PRES. PARTIC. 


PAST PARTIC. 


dire 


disant 


4. dit 



Conjugate like dire : redire, to say again. 

In the other derivatives of dire, the second person plural of the 
Present Indicative is regular: vous predisez, vous contredisez, etc. 
medire, to speak ill predire, to predict dedire, to contradict 
maudire, to curse interdire, to interdict contredire, to contradict 

In maudire, to curse, the principal part n° 2 is n. maudissows. 



Faire, to do, to make. 


FUTURE. 


PRES. INDIC. 


IMPERATIVE. 


je ferai 


I. je fais 






tu fais 


fais 




il fait 






2. n. faisows 


faisows 




v. faites 


faites 




ils font 




CONDITIONAL. 


IMPERFECT. 


PRETERITE. 


je ierais 


je f&isais 


3. je fis 




PRES. SUBJ. 


IMPERF. SUBJ. 




que je fasse 


que je fisse 


INFINITIVE. 


PRES. PARTIC. 


PAST PARTIC. 


faire 


isdsant 


4. fait 



Conjugate like faire : 

defaire, to undo surfaire, to overcharge contrefaire, to counterfeit 
satisfaire, to satisfy refaire, to do again redefaire, to undo again 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

Plaire, to please. 



1G1 



FUTUEE. 

je plairat 



CONDITIONAL. 

je pl&irais 



INFINITIVE. 

plaire 



PBES. INDIC. 

i. je plai.s- 
ll plai£ 
2. n. plaisons 

IMPEBFECT. 

je plaiscus 

PEES. SUBJ. 

que je plaise 

PBES. PAETIC. 

plaismii 



IMPEBATIVE. 

plai.s 
plaison.s 

PBETEBITE. 

3. je plus 

IMPEBF. SUBJ. 

que je plusse 

PAST PABTIC. 

4. plu 



Conjugate like plaire : deplaire, to displease; compWu-Q, to please 
Taire, to keep silent (but no circumflex in il tait). 

Lire, to read. 



FUTUEE. 

je lira* 


PBES. INDIC. 

1. je lis 

2. n. lisow.s 


IMPEBATIVE. 

lis 
lisons 


CONDITIONAL. 

je lira's 


IMPEBFECT. 

je liscm 


PBETEBITE. 

3- je lus 




PBES. SUBJ. 

que je lise 


IMPEBF. SUBJ 

que je lusse 


INFINITIVE. 

lire 


PEES. PAETIC. 

\isant 


PAST PAETIC. 

4. lu 



Conjugate like lire : relire, to read again; elire, to elect. 
Suffire, to suffice. 



FUTUEE. 

je suffiim 

CONDITIONAL. 

je suffirais 



INFINITIVE, 

suffire 



PEES. INDIC. 

1. je suffis 

2. n. suffisews 

IMPEBFECT. 

je suffisa^s 

PEES. SUBJ. 

que je suffise 

PEES. PAETIC. 

suffisewii 



IMPEBATIVE. 

suffis 
suffiso^s 

PBETEBITE. 

3. je suffis 

IMPEBF SUBJ. 

que je suffisse 

PAST PABTIC. 

4. suffi 



Confire, to preserve, to pickle; but the Past Partic is confit. 



162 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

Resoudre, to resolve. 



FUTUEE. 

je resoudiYH* 



CONDITIONAL. 

ie resoudims 



INFINITIVE. 

resoudre 



PEES. INDIC. 

1. je resous 

2. n. resolvcws 

IMPEEFECT. 

je resolves 

PEES. SUBJ. 

que je resolve 

PEES. PAETIC. 

resolva?^ 



IMPEBATTVE. 

resous 
resolvows 

PEETEEITE. 

3. je resolus 

IMPEEF. SUBJ. 

que je resolusse 

PAST PAETIC. 

4. resolu 



Conjugate like resoudre : absoudre, to absolve; dissoudre, to dis- 
solve, but the Past Partic. is absous, /. absoute; dissous, /. dissoute, 
and these two verbs have no Preterit and no Imperfect Subjunctive. 





Moudre, to grind. 




FUTUEE, 

je rnoudiYW 


PEES. INDIC. 

i. je mouds 
2. n. moulons 


IMPEEATrVE. 

mouds 
moulcws 


CONDITIONAL. 

je moudims 


IMPEEFECT. 

je moukus 


PEETEEITE. 

3. je moulus 




PEES. SUBJ. 

que je rnoule 


IMPEEF. SUBJ. 

que je moulusse 


INFINITIVE. 

moudre 


PEES. PAETIC. 

mou\a?if 
Traire, to milk. 


PAST PAETIC. 

4. moulu 


FUTUEE. 

je traiim 


PEES. INDIC. 

i. je trais 
2. n. trayows 


IMPEBATTVE. 

trais 
trayows 


CONDITIONAL. 

je trail ais 


IMPEEFECT. 

je ti'a,y ais 


PEETEEITE. 
3- 




PEES. SUBJ. 

que je traie 
que n. tmjio?is 


IMPEEF. SUBJ. 


INFINITIVE. 

traire 


PEES. PAETIC. 

tr&yant 


PAST PAETIC. 

4. trait 



Distraire, to distract; extraire, to extract; soustraire, to subtract. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAS. 



ica 



Boire, to drink. 



FUTUEE. 


PBES. INDIC. 


IMPEBATIVE. 


je hoivai 


I. je bois 






tu bois 


bois 




il boit 






2. n. buvows 


buvons 




v. buve^r 


buYez 




i!s boivenl 




CONDITIONAL- 


IMPEBFECT. 


PBETEBITE. 


je hoivais 


je bnvais 


3. je bus 




PBES. SUBJ. 


IMPEBF. SUBJ. 




que je boive 


que je busse 




que n. buvions 


que n. bussio; 


INFINITIVE. 


PBES. PABT. 


PAST PABTIC. 


boire 


buvant 


4. bu 



Croire, to believe. 



FUTUBE. 


PEES. INDIC. 


IMPEEATIVE. 


je croira* 


1. je crois 






tu crois 
il croi£ 


crois 




2. n. croy ons 

v. croye,z 
ils cvoient 


croytms 
croye^ 


CONDITIONAL. 


IMPEBFECT. 


PBETEBITE. 


je eroirois 


je erojais 


3. je crus 




PBES. SUBJ. 


IMPEBF. SUBJ. 




queje croie 
que n. croy ions 


que je crusse 
que n. crussto?/ 


INFINITIVE. 


PBES. PABTIC. 


PAST PABTIC 


croire 


croja?it 


4. cru 



Write Exercises 12, 13 and 14, page 178. 



164 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 



The Subjunctive mood is used only in subordinate 
clauses; it expresses something with an idea of uncertainty 
or doubt. 



afin que, 
pour que, 
quoique, 
bien que, 
avant que, 
sans que, 
soit que, 



1. CONJUNCTIONS REQUIRING THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 

, for fear — lest 



in order that 

in order that 

though 

though 

before 

without 

whether 



de crainte que — 
a moins que, 
que, 

quelque... que, 
quel que, 
qui que, 
quoi que, 



used for si, if 
however 

ivhatever , whoever 
whoever 
whatever 



CONJUNCTIONS REQUIRING THE INDICATIVE OR SUBJUNCTIVE. 

according to their expressing certainty or doubt. 



according as 
until, till 
ivith the c. that 



de maniere que, so that selon que, 

de facon que, so that jusqu'a ce que, 

de sorte que, so that a condition que 

Remark. — It is better to use the Infinitive when it can be done 
without changing the meaning. 
Btudiez bien afin que vous sachiez (or afin de savoir) votre lecon. 

2. VERBS REQUIRING THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 

A verb expressing will or desire, or emotion (joy, sorrow, 
fear, astonishment, etc.) and followed by que, always requires 
the following verb in the Subjunctive. 

vouloir que, to will, to want etre content que, to be pleased that 

exiger que, to demand se rejouir que, to rejoice that 

defendre que, to forbid etre i'ache que, to be sorry that 

permettre que, to permit regretter que, to regret... 

desirer que, to desire craindreque — ne,to fear 

pref erer que, to pilfer etre surpris que, to be surprised 

A verb expressing thought or speech, and followed by 
que, requires the Subjunctive only when negative or interro- 
gative and to imply some doubt. 



dire que, 
assurer que, 
affirmer que, 
declarer que, 
pretendre que, 



to say that... 
to assure that... 
to affirm that... 
to declare that... 
to claim that... 



penser que, 
croire que, 
esperer que, 
s'imaginer que, 
supposer que, 



to think that... 
to believe that.., 
to hope that... 
to imagine that. . , 
to suppose thai... 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 105 

An impersonal verb followed by que always requires the 

Subjunctive, except when expressing certainty or proba- 
bility. 

Subjunctive* Indicative^ 

i! fant que, it is necessary that il est certain que, it is certain thai 

il est possible que, it is possible that il est evident que, it isevidi ntthat 
il vaut mieux que, it is defter that il est clair que, it is clew that 
est-il vrai que, is it true that il est vrai que, it is true that 

3. SUBJUNCTIVE AFTER A RELATIVE PRONOUN. 

The Subjunctive is used in relative sentences beginning 
with qui, que, dont, lequel, oil, when qui, que, etc. refer to a 
superlative or to le seul, Vunique, le premier, le dernier, or 
to a negative word like personne, aucun, pas un, nul, etc. 

But when the superlative or negative expression is followed 
by de, or when that relative sentence is only explanatory, the 
Indicative is used. 

EXAMPLES. 

Doubts Subjunctive. Certainty indicative. 

1. Ecrivez de maniere qu ! 'on puisse Vous avez eorit de maniere qu'on 

vous lire. pent vous lire. 

2. II n'est pas probable qu'il vienne. II est probable qu'il viendra. 

Je me rejouis que vous soyez J'espere que vous viendrez sou- 

venu. vent. 

Je desire, je veux qu'il vienne. Je pense, je erois qu'il viendra. 

Ooyez- vous que cela soit vrai? Croyez-vous que cela est vrai? 

(/ rather doubt it. ) (I rather th ink so. ) 

3. Je cherche une maison qui me J'ai trouve une maison qui mo 

plaise. plaira. 

C'est la plus belle ville que je C'est la plus belle des villes que 

connaisse. je connais. 

USE OF THE TENSES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE. 

After the Present and the Future, sometimes after the Past 
Indefinite, use the Present Subjunctive, simple or com- 
pound as the case may be. 

After other tenses, use the Imperfect Subjunctive, simple 
or compound as the case may be. 

EXAMPLES. 

Je doute, je douterai que vous le fassiez, que vous Yayez fait. 
Je doutais, je doutai, je douterais que vous lefissiez. 
Je doutais, je doutai, je douterais que vous Yeussiez fait. 

Write Exercises 15 and 16, page 180. 



166 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



PAST PAJRTICIPLES. 



WHEN THE PAST PARTICIPLE IS USED : 

1. With etre, or alone, it is variable, and agrees like an 
adjective. 

2. With avoir, it is variable only when its direct object 
precedes; then it agrees in gender and number with that 
direct object. 

Remarks. — 1. In reflexive verbs, etre is used instead of avoir, and 
the Past Participle is variable only when its direct object precedes. 
2. In impersonal yerbs, the Past Participle is invariable. 

EXAMPLES. 

Explain why the Past Participle is variable or invariable. 



II est venu, elle est venue. 

Elle est tombee, epuisee. 

Elle a couru, elle a vu la reine. 

II a ecrit cette lettre. 

II l'a ecrite. 

Elles se sont vues et se sont parle. 

Ou. sont mes ponimes? Je les ai 

mangees. 
En avez-vous mange aussi? 
Cette dame a bien chante. 
Je l'ai entendue chanter. 
Cette romance a ete applaudie. 
Je l'ai entendue an concert. 
Je l'ai entendu chanter. 
Voici la lecon que vous m'avez 

donnee a, apprendre. 
Voici la lettre que vous m'avez 

dit d'ecrire. 
J'ai fait tous les efforts que j'ai 

pu. 
Peu d'eleves ont ete loues, mais 

beaucoup ont ete blames. 
Le peu d'instruetion qu'il a regue 

lui a ete utile. 

Le peu d'instruetion qu'il a regu 
l'a empeche d'obtenir cette 
place. 

Cette femme est plus institute 
que je ne l'avais cru. 



He has come, she has come. 
She has fallen down, exhausted. 
She ran, she saw the queen. 
He has written this letter. 
He wrote it. 

They saw each other and spoke. 
Where are my apples? I ate 

them. 
Did you eat any also ? 
This lady has sung well. 
I heard her sing or singing. 
That song was applauded. 
I heard it at the concert. 
I heard some one singing it. 
This is the lesson which you gave 

me to learn. 
This is the letter which you told 

me to write. 
I made all the efforts I could 

(do). 
Few pupils were praised, but 

many were blamed. 
The small amount of instruction 

which he received has been 

useful to him. 
His lack of instruction prevented 

him from obtaining this situ- 
ation. 
This woman is more learned than 

I thought. 



Write Exercises 17 and 18, page 181. 



KI.KMKNTARY FRKNCII GRAMMAR. 



Hi? 



ADVERBS 

and adverbial expressions most in use. 



Ou, where 
ici, here 
la, there 
la-bas, yonder 
en bas, down stairs 
en haut, up stairs 
devant, before, in front 
derriere, behind 
dessous, under 
dessus, over 
dedans, inside 
dehors, outside 
outre, besides 
en outre, besides 
loin, /cy- 
pres, near 
aupres, near 
ailleurs, elsewhere 
d'ailleurs, besides 
partout, everywhere 
nulle part, nowhere 
quelque part, somewhere 
alentour, around 
ca et la, here and there 
a droite, to the right 
a gauche, to the left 

Oui, yes 

si, yes 

certainement, certainly 

volontiers, willingly 

tant mieux, so much the better 

tant pis, so much the worse 

Non, no 

pas du tout, not at all 
nullement, by no mean* 
aucunement, by no means 
peut-etre, perhaps 

Coinbien, how mnch 

beaucoup, much 

trop, too much 

peu, little 

U'op peu, too littte 



un peu, a little 

peu a pen, fo'tffe hj little 

assez, enough 

moins, less 

plus, more 

da vantage, more 

ant ant, as much 

tant, so much 

Comment, how 

bien, we/Z 

tres bien, very well 

fort bien, very well 

mieux, better 

mal, Sao" 

pis, -2cor,se 

surtout, a&ove all 

aussi, also 

ainsi, £/ws 

si, so 

co in me, as, like 

nieme, even 

de nieme, in the same yia^mer 

presque, almost 

environ, about 

a peu pres, about 

plutot, rather 

plus tot, sooner 

vite, quick 

a peine, hardly 

ensemble, together 

a l'en droit, on the right side 

a l'envers, on the wrong side 

a fond, thoroughly 

Quand, when 

aujourd'hui, to-day 

hier, yesterday 

demain, to-morrow 

la veille, the eve 

le len demain, the next day 

maintenant, now 

u present, at present 

tout de suite, at once 

de suite, one after another 



168 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 



tout a l'heure, just now 

tantot, by and by 

bientot, soon 

aussitot, as soon 

tot ou tard, sooner or later 

de bonne heure, early 

tard, late 

en avanee, in advance 

en retard, late 

alors, then 

des lors, from that time 

desormais, henceforth 

dorenavant, henceforth 

puis, ther, 

depuis, since 

ensuite, afterward 

apres, after 



avant, before 
auparavant, previously 
d'abord, at first 
deja, already 
encore, still, yet 
enfin, at last 
rarement, rarely 
souvent, often 
jamais, never, ever 
toujours, always 
a jamais, for ever 
quelquefois, sometimes 
parfois, at times 
autrefois, formerly 
jadis, formerly 
tout a coup, suddenly 
tout d'un coup, all at once 



PREPOSITIONS. 



a, at, to 

de, of, from 

des, from 

sur, upo?i 

sous, under 

dans, in 

en, in 

hors de, out of 

entre, between 

avec, with 

sans, ivithout 

pour, for 

par, by 

parmi, among 

chez, at 

pendant, during 

durant, during 

avant, before 

apres, after 

devant, in front of 

derriere, behind 

au-devant de, to meet a. o. 

vers, toivards 

envers, towards 

contre, against 



malgre, in spite of 
en depit de, in spite of 
a cause de, on account of 
vis-a-vis de, opposite to 
en face de, opposite to 
depuis, since 
j usque, until, up to . 
outre, besides 
selon, according to 
suivant, according to 
quanta, as for 
au lieu de, instead 
a travers, through 
a cote de, by 
pres de, near 
aupres de, near 
loin de, far from 
au-dela de, on that side 
le long de, along 
autour de, around 
faute de, for ivant of 
a force de, by dint of 
sauf, save 

voici, here is, here are 
voila, there is, there are 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH QRAMM \k. 



109 



CONJUNCTIONS. 

(See also page t6U.) 



et, and 

ou, or 

on bien, or 

ni, neither, nor 

niiiis, frwd 

car, /or 

or, now 

done, therefore 

par consequent, consequently 

conime, as 

si, */ 

sinon, or else 

si non, if not 

que, Ma£ 

quoique, though 

bien que, though 

afin que, iw onfor /7ia£ 

pour que, m order Ma/ 



cependant, however 

toutefois, "however 

pourtanl , however^ yet 

neanmoins, nevertheless 

pourquoi, why 

parce que, because 

puisque, since 

lorsque, when 

quand, ivheoi 

a mesure que, in proportion as, as 

au lieu que, whereas 

ainsi que, as 

tandis que, whilst 

avant que, before that 

apres que, after that 

aussitot que, as soon as 

ties que, as soon as 

taut que, as long as 



INTERJECTIONS. 



ah! ha! ah! ha! 
eh! he! eh! he! 
oh! ho! oh! ho! 
eh bien! well! now! 
helas! alas! 
hola! hold! hallo! 
hein! hey! what! 
fi! fi done! fie! 
oui-da! in sooth! 
salut ! hail! 
vive! long live! 
hourra! hurra! 



bravo! bravo! 
chut! hush! 
diantre! the deuce! 
parbleu! zounds! 
tiens! tenez! here! there! 
gare! look out! 
allons! come on! 
allez! indeed! 
allons done! nonsense! 
malheur! misery! woe! 
halte! stop! 
dame ! indeed! 



170 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

REMARKS 

on a few adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions, 

Oui, si=yes. — In answering a question containing a nega- 
tive, use si instead of oui. 

Avez-rous fini? — Oui, j'ai fini. 

N'avez-vous pas encore fini? — Si, j'ai fini; or mais oui. 

Plus tdt=sooner. Plutot=? 'other. 

Plus davantage=mo?*e. — Davantage cannot be used with 

an object ; it is generally placed at the end of a clause. 

II a plus de patience que moi. 

Vous etudiez bien ; il etudie davantage. 

En, in, is the only preposition after which the Present Par- 
ticiple can be used. — No article is used after en. 
Dans, in, inside, marks the location more definitely than en. 

Dans mon pupitre. Je suis tombe en courant. 

In or to=a with names of cities, towns. 

In or to=en with names of countries, provinces, etc. 

Je yais a Paris ; je suis a Paris. 

Je vais en France; je suis en France. 

Most names of coutries are feminine. If the name of a 
country is masculine, or plural, or is modified by an adjective, 
in or to are translated by a or dans with the article. 

En Amerique ; dans 1'Amerique du Nord ; aux fitats-Unis. 

Quaud=w7ie?i. Quant a=as to, as for. 
Quand, when, may be used for questions as well as for 
answers, while lorsque, when, is used only for answers. 

Quand riendrez-vous? Quand {or lorsque) j'aurai fini. 

Que, that, is often understood in English, but must be 
expressed in French. 

I think he will come. Je pense qu'il viendra. 

Assez, enough, is also used for rather. It is placed before 

the adjective, not after it. 

This room is large enough. Cette chambre est assez grande. 
She is rather pretty. Elle est assez jolie. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 171 

EXERCISES 

on the Verbs, the Past Participle and- 
teh Subjunctive. 



1. I have, I have not ; he has, he has not ; she has, she has 
not. 2. Has she? Has she not? Havel? Have I not? I have 
not. 3. Henry will have ; he has, he will have ; he had, he 
would have ; Mary would have. 4. I had, I should have ; I 
have, I shall have ; we had, we should have. 5. Have they? 
Will they have? Will they not have? Would they have? They 
would not have. 6. Have patience. I have had, you have 
had, you have not had. 7. Have you not had enough patience? 
You would have had more patience? 8. Have you finished? 
Have you not yet finished? We would have had finished 
sooner, if you had not disturbed us. 9. We should have much 
pleasure, if we had a holiday. 10. They would have had more 
pleasure if you had been with them. 11. We shall have fine 
weather to-morrow ; we shall have a holiday. 12. If she had 
studied better, she would have had the first prize. 13. She 
has received the second prize and her cousin Henriette (has) 
had the first prize. 14. My brother had two prizes this year; 
he will have more next year if he studies as much as this year. 
15. I wish you may have a prize too. 

2. 

1. You are, you are not; we are, we are not; are we? Are 
you? 2. Is he? Has he? Is she not? Has she not? Has she 
not been? 3. We were, we were not; you were, you had; 
you would be, you would have. 4. They would be happy 



172 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

if they were good. They would have pleasure if they were 
more obedient. 5. They have, they are; they are not, they 
will be, they will have. 6. Are you hungry? I am not hungry, 
but I am very thirsty. 7. I am tired and thirsty ; I am too 
warm. 8. The tea is warm ; the tea is cold, it is not warm 
enough. 9. I was in Paris several times; we were also in 
Switzerland. 10. We were one year in Italy, one year in Ger- 
many, and one year in France. 11. Why are you afraid? I am 
afraid of that dog, it looks vicious. 12. Yesterday we were in the 
country ; we were hungry and thirsty, and we were very tired. 
13. We took the wrong road ; we took the wrong book ; we 
wrote the wrong exercise. 14. You are right ; she is wrong ; 
she brought the wrong book ; she studied the wrong lesson. 

15. What is the matter with you? You look ill, are you sick? 

16. I am not sick, but I have a headache ; I studied too much. 

3. 

1. You speak, you will speak, you Avould speak, you have 
Spoken. 2. You are speaking, you were speaking; we do 
Speak, we did speak. 3. He is admiring, he was admiring, he 
would admire, he will admire. 4. He did admire ; he did not 
admire. Do you admire? Did you admire? 5. I was desiring, 
I would desire ; we do desire, we were desiring. 6. What do 
you wish? I do not wish anything; my sister wishes a glass of 
water. 7. We desire, we shall desire; we were desiring, we 
would desire. 8. Show nie your watch ; I show my watch ; I 
will show you my watch. 9. I would show you my watch if I had 
it here. 10. He was showing, he would show. You were show- 
ing, he would show. 11. Shut the door and come here. Do 
you want to go up (monter) ? I go up, I shall go up. 12. You 
go up, you will go up, you were going up, you would go up. 
They are going up, they will go up. 13. I meet my cousins 
every day in the school. I shall meet them to-morrow. 14. I 
used to meet them at my Mend's ; I would meet them often, 
if they were in town. 15. He is admiring, he has admired, he 
is a dmir ed ; we are forgotten, we are forgetting. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GtRAMMAB. 178 

4. 

1. I obey (to) my parents, he obeys his parents, we obey our 
parents, you obey your parents, they obey their parents. 

2. You were finishing your exercise; he was soiling his book; 
we were acting with prudence, they were acting with impru- 
dence. 3. If you desire to succeed in your study, be attentive. 
I succeed, you succeed, they succeed. 4. I used to succeed ami 
1 should succeed; you succeed now, and you will always suc- 
ceed. 5. She used to finish what she had commenced; she 
will finish what she began. 6. He seizes the opportunity, they 
seize the opportunity. I choose this book; which one do you 
choose? 7. I should choose this one if I had enough money ; 
but I think I will choose that one. 8. My father wishes to 
build a house : he will build a large house. 9. The glass,- are 
empty, fill them up. I fill them, you fill them; I shall fill them, 
you will fill them. 10. Fulfil your duties; we do fulfil and 
will always shall fulfil our duties. 11. He used to punish his 
pupil severely; he does not punish them so severely as 
formerly. 12. They Avere singing and we were applauding. 
He sings very well ; let us applaud. 13. Choose your friends 
carefully. If you touch any mud, you will soil yourself. 

5. 

1. I receive letters every day; do you receive any? 2. Do 
you perceive the towers of the castle ? I can perceive them. 

3. I do perceive them ; you will perceive them soon. 4. That 
man deceives every one, he has deceived even his friends. 
5. We receive our friends as well as we can; we would receive 
them better, if we could. 6. You receive, you will receive, 
you were receiving, you would receive. 7. Do you perceive? 
Were you perceiving anything ? Did you perceive ? I did not 
perceive. 8. I owe, he owes, we owe, you owe ; I was owing, 
I do not owe any more. 9. He was owing me two hundred 
francs ; he owes me still one hundred francs. 10. Did you pay 
what you owed (imperfect). I paid everything, I do not owe 



174 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

anything. 11. Receive my thanks for your kindness. I owe 
you much gratitude. 12. We will have money in a few days, 
and we will pay you all that we owe you. 13. They give 
advices, but they do not receive any. You ought (condi- 
tional) to receive his advice. 14. Have you seen the setting 
of the sun? If you come with us, you will perceive it. 15. "We 
are going to the top of this hill ; we would like to perceive the 
setting of the sun. 16. The hill is very high ; if you come with 
us you will be very tired. 17. I can walk far without being 
(etre) tired ; I want to go with you. 

6. 

1. Did you answer the letter of my brother? No, not yet, I 
will answer (to) that letter to-morrow. 2. Do you hear the 
noise ? No, I do not hear anything. 3. Wait a moment. Can 
you wait a few minutes ? I have been waiting half an hour. 
4. How long shall I wait still? I would wait longer, if I were 
not in a hurry. 5. We were waiting (for) the postman; we 
would wait for him. 6. I was listening ; I was hearing; I was 
waiting. I would listen, I would hear, I would wait. 7. Would 
you answer me if I would write to you ? Have I not answered 
you ? 8. Let us go to that concert ; we will hear good music. 
We shall not lose our time. 9. Did you lose anything? You 
lose something every day ; perhaps you will lose your head. 
10. We were coming down when we heard the noise. 11. He 
renders services to his friends ; he will certainly render you a 
service. 12. Do you sell your house? I heard that you intend 
(de, selling it. 13. I would sell it if I would receive the price 
I ask. 14. Do not lose your time; come down immediately; 
I am waiting for you ; my mother is waiting for us. 15. The 
teacher forbids us to talk during the class ; did you hear what 
he said? 16. Does he forbid to speak in a low voice? You will 
lose your time if you do not pay (faites) attention, 17. While 
I was waiting for you, I heard some one who was speaking 
loud. 18. If you play with him you will lose ; I always lose 
when I play with him, but I learn. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. ,7;, 

7. 

Write in the plural what ts in the rtngukur, and vtot versa. 
1. J'annonce, il annonce ; j'annoncais, il annon$ait. 2. Je 
place, il place; je placais, il pla$ait. 3. Nous placerons, nous 
placerions; nous annoncerons, nous annoncerions. 4. Nous 
forcions, ils f orcaient ; nous forcerions, ils forceraient. 5. Je 
force, je forcais, je forcai, je forcerai. 6. Nous mangions, nous 
mangeons; vous mangiez, vous mangez. 7. II mange, il man- 
geait, il niangea, il mangera. 8. Vous levez, vous leviez, vous 
leverez, vous leveriez. 9. Nous levons, nous levions,' nous 
levames, nous leverons. 10. II leva, il levait, il levera, il leve- 
rait. 11. Je cede, tu cedes, il cede; je cederai, tu cSderas, il 
cedera. 12. J'avance, j'oblige, je change, j efface. 13. Nous 
pr6f6rons, vous celSbrez, vous ramenez, nous espeVons. 

14. Vous achevez, vous achetez, vous jetez, vous rejetez. 

15. Vous regrettez, vous querellez, vous appelez, vous Spelez. 

16. Nous employons, nous envoyons ; vous appuyez, vous en- 
nuyez. 17. Vous revez, vous creez, vous agrSez, vous avez 
reve. 18. Je priais, tu priais, je prierais, tu prierais. 19. J e 
criais, il criait; je creais, il creait. 20. Je regrette, tu que- 
relles ; nous rainenons, vous pr6f erez. 

8. 

1. I natter, I am nattered, I natter myself, I natter vou. 
2. I have flattered, I have been flattered, I have flattered my- 
self, I have flattered them. 3. We admire him, Ave admire 
them, we admire ourselves, Ave were admiring ourselves, you 
were admiring yourselves. 4. We are admiring them, Ave are 
admired, we were admired. 5. We have admired them, Ave 
haA T e admired ourselves. 6. You love your parents; you are 
loved by your parents; you have ahvays been loA-ed by your 
parents. 7. It is thundering, it Avas thundering, it did thunder, 
it Avill thunder, it Avould thunder, it has been thundering' 
8. It is freezing, I am cold, I am freezing, it Avas freezing, it 



176 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

will freeze, it would freeze. 9. At what time do you go to bedl 
I go to bed at half past ten. 10. At what time do you get up? 
I rise ordinarily at half past six. 11. This morning I only got 
up at half past seven. 12. I rejoice, he rejoices, she rejoices, 
we rejoice, you rejoice, they rejoice. 13. I have rejoiced, he 
has rejoiced, she has rejoiced, we have rejoiced, you have 
rejoiced, they have rejoiced. 14. I will rejoice, T would rejoice, 
I would have rejoiced, would you not have rejoiced too, if you 
had been at the ball with us ? 



9. 



1. Go; are you going? I am going. 2. Go away; are you 
going away? I am going away. 3. You are going, you were 
going, you will go, you would go. 4. He has gone, she has 
gone ; he has gone away, she has gone away, 5. Will you go 
to Paris? I would like to go. 6. I shall go if you go. I should 
go if you would go (imperfect). 7. Do you go to the theater 
to-night? 8. I am going to ask (to) my brother if he wishes to 
go there (y) too. He will go there* too. 9. Where are you 
going? Where were you going? 10. Where have you been? 
Why do you go away without me? 11. Why did you go 
away without asking me? 12. At what time did you go away? 
At what time do you go away? 13. I am obliged to go away 
to-morrow morning. 14. At what time will you go away? I will 
go away at nine o'clock. 15. If you would go away (imper- 
fect) at eight o'clock, I would go to the depot (a la gare) with 
you. 16. I would have gone away this morning if I had been 
ready. 17. They have gone to Europe. They went (have 
gone) away last week. 18. Let us go to the theater. Let us go 
away. 19. I doubt that they will go away (subjunctive) 
to-day. 20. How are you to-day? Thank you, I am pretty 
well. 21. How are your brothers ? They are very well. 22. I 
am going to write a letter to my sister. 



* With the Future and Conditional of aller, the pronoun y is omitted: I 
am going there, fy vais ; I shall go there, j'irai. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMA B. 177 

10. 

1. You laugh too much; you were laughing; you have 
laughed. 2. Obey your parents; you have been punished 
because you have been disobeying. 3. He is blushing, because 
he did not say the truth. Never lie. 4. If you do not work 
more, you will not succeed. Why do you not succeed? 5. You 
run too quickly, you will fall. Why did you run so quickly? 

6. I would run quicker if I were not so tired. I run very fast. 

7. Open this window and close the door. Is the window open ? 

8. You come and I come; I will come and you will come. 

9. He is going out and we are going out; she will go out and 
you will go out. 10. I choose and you choose; you consent 
and I consent, il. You were choosing, we were consenting; 
you wero going out, you would go out. 12. I sleep well, 1 go 
out every day; you sleep well; you go out every day. 13. Do 
you wish to go out this evening? I will go out with you if you 
do not come back late. 14. Come with me, Ave shall come 
back early. 15. Yesterday I have come back late, because 
I have been detained by my friends. 16. These flowers smell 
good ; gather a few of them. 17. The little girls were clothed 
in (de) white; they were running on the lawn; they enjoyed 
themseh r es (s'amusaient) very much. 

11. 

1. Does it rain ? It does not rain now, but I think it Avill 
rain soon. 2. Can you come ? I cannot come ; but if you are 
willing, my sister can come ; she is Avilling to come. 3. Can 
you not do that? I Avould be able to (or I could) do it, if I 
had time. 4. Do you know who is that gentleman? I do not 
know who he is ; I shall know it if you Avish it. 5. This book 
is worth one dollar; formerly it was worth one dollar and 
twenty-five cents. 6. After you (will) have read it, it will be 
worth only half. 7. It is better to be poor and innocent than 
to be rich and guilty. 8. If you are tired, sit down. I am 
not tired, but I Avill sit down all the same (tout de meme). 



178 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

9. I shall see you to-morrow ; I must go and see my friend to- 
night. 10. It is necessary that you should know (Present 
Subjunctive) your lessons every day. 11. I shall know them 
to-morrow ; you will see that I keep my promise. 12. Your 
parents have always provided to your needs ; they are still pro- 
viding to them (y) for the present. 13. We hope you will also 
provide to then needs when they will be old. 14. We have to 
study hard {or much) ; we would like to have a little more time 
to go out and play. 15. This house is worth twenty thousand 
dollars ; it would be worth more if the street were kept better. 



12. 



~L Where do you take (conduct) this little boy? I take (con- 
duct) him to his house. 2. What do you say ? What did you 
say? What will you say? What would you say? 3. We always 
say the truth ; we shall always say the truth. 4. I say you are 
right. Tell hini what I said. I will tell him to-night. 5. They 
say you predict the future. Can you tell me who will be the 
next President of the United-States? 6. Follow my advices. 
I shall follow them ; I always follow good advices. 7. I fear, 
he fears ; you fear, they fear ; they would fear. 8. I pity him ; 
you do not pity him, I would pity him, I have pitied him. 
9. What are you doing now? Are you writing your exercise? 
I have written mine. 10. You make mistakes ; they make mis- 
takes; they have made many mistakes in their exercises. 
11. Where did you put my penknife? I have put it on the 
chair. Put it on my table. 12. Do not take it without my 
permission ; if you take it return it to me. 13. Do you under- 
stand what I say? I understand all; I have understood every 
word you said. 14. I live in the city ; he lives, she lives, you 
live, they live in the country. 15. I have been living in the 
country for (pendant) two years ; I would still live there, but 
I have to be at my work early in the morning. 16. Napoleon 
was born in 1769 ; he died in 1821 ; he lived only fifty-two years. 
He would have lived longer in a healthier climate. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. |;i» 

13. 

1. What dress will you put on at your cousin's wedding? 
2. I will wear a white silk dress. 3. Do you allow me to go 

out to-night? 4. I allow you to go out until ten o'clock. 
5. I shall go out at half past seven. 0. They allow him to do 
all that he wishes. 7. Do you go to the theater? Do yon go 
away? 8. Are you not convinced of his wrong? 9. What 
you tell me does not convince me that I am wrong. 10. I re- 
pent my faults (de mes fautes). 11. He has repented his 
faults. 12. Where do you live now? We used to live (IMPER- 
FECT) in the country; but now we live in the city. 13. Would 
you not laugh at him if he would lose? 14. I think we will 
laugh; he is boasting too much. 15. You make me laugh. 
16. When he heard that, he burst out laughing. 17. We were 
laughing when you entered. 18. You would smile if you 
would hear him. 19. I do not laugh at you; I was laughing 
because these children make me laugh. 20. One must eat in 
order to live and not live in order to eat. 21. This family live 
well. They live on their income. 22. My grandfather lived 
eighty-five years. 23. Follow me; I will show you the way. 
I Avill follow you. 

14. 

1. I used to know (Imperfect) your family. 2. The chil- 
dren have been growing (grandi); you would not recognize 
them now. 3. Do you know that lady? Do you know how 
to play chess (aux echecs). 4. I did not recognize you at first ; 
you appear to me very much changed (change). 5. I know 
him by name (de nom). I know him by sight (de vue). 6. Do 
you like meat well done (bien cuite) ? 7. At what time do you 
take your French lesson ? 8. Why have you not taken your 
lesson last Monday? 9. Do you understand me when I speak 
quickly? 10. I understand nearly everything. 11. Have you 
learned by heart a few fables of La Fontaine? 12. Y^ou must 
(il f aut que vous) learn every day a few lines by heart. 13. The 



180 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

young Greeks used to learn (Imperfect) by heart the poems 
of Homer. 14. Do you understand my question? 15. I did 
not understand it very well. 16. The days are growing until 
the middle of June. 17. Bad herbs grow everywhere. 18. Do 
all what you can to (pour) please (to) your parents. 19. France 
produces a great deal of wine. 20. Every tiling that glitters is 
not gold. 2). Examples instruct better than precepts. 22. Did 
you see the Alps? Yes, they are high mountains always 
covered with snow. 23. Were you on the Mont Blanc? I was 
near this mountain, but it is too much trouble to climb it. 

15. 

Write the italic verbs in the right tense. 

1. Relisez votre lecon afln que vous la savoir mieux. 
2. Quoiqu'il me 1' avoir bien proinis, il n'est pas venu. 3. Je 
vous promets d'aller passer quelques jours chez vous, pourvu 
que mon pere y consentir. 4. Votre tante est bien malade ; 
que feriez-vous en cas qu'elle mouHrt 5. Pourvu qu'on 
savoir la passion dominante de quelqu'un, on est star de lui 
plaire. 6. Ecrivez de manure qu'on pouvoir vous lire. 7. Vous 
avez bien ecrit ; c'est ecrit de maniere qu'on pouvoir vous lire. 
8. II ferma la porte aussitot que vous etre sortis. 9. Puisque 
vous etre si fort, vous pouvez porter ce paquet. 10. Vous ne 
pouvez le porter, bien que vous etre fort. 11. Je ne veux 
pas le porter parce que je etre fatigue. 12. Quelque savants 
que nous etre, nous ignorons bien des choses. 13. Si mince 
qu'il pouvoir etre, un cheveu fait de l'ombre. 14. II faut que 
je sortir avant qu'il revenir. 15. Je desire que vous me 
preter ce livre aussitdt que vous 1' avoir lu. 16. Je doute 
que ce livre pouvoir vous interesser. 17. Je pref ere que vous 
venir jouer au billard avec moi. 18. Permettez qu'on vous 
dire la verite ; vous meritez qu'on vous punir. 19. Connais. 
sez-vous quelqu'un qui me rendre ce service? 21. Je connais 
quelqu'un qui me rendre ce service. 21. Croyez-vous que votre 
sceur venir avec nous ? 22. Croyez-vous qu'elle pouvoir mar- 
cher si loin? 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. is I 

16. 

1. Mon pere desire que j' apprendre la musiqae et le dessin. 

2. Venez avant qu'il parti?'; ecrivez-nous avant de venfr. 

3. Montrez-moi un chemin qui conduire a la ville. 4. Voici 
le chemin qui conduire a la ville. 5. Je ne connais peraonne 
qai etre aussi heureux que vous. 6. C'est la plus belle ville 
que je connattre. 7. C'est la plus belle des villes que je con- 
nattre. 8. Je desire que vous etre plus exact, que vous 
apprendre mieux vos lecons et que vous etre plus atteutif 
pendant la elasse. 9. Hon frere veut que j' alter a la poste 
avec lui. 10. Je desirais qu'il venir a la ville avec moi 
11. Le mattre prefere que j' ecrire dix lignes tres bien que 
vingt lignes inal. 12. Tout le nionde se rejouit qu'elle etre 
venue. 13. On est surpris que nous avoir r6ussi. 14. Nous 
sommes ^tonnes qu'il reunsir dans ses affaires. 15. Nous 
allons avoir un orage ; il est bon que nous partir. 16. II vaut 
mieux que nous r ester iei jusqu'a ce que l'orage etre passe\ 
17. 11 n'y a rien qui rafraichir le sang comme une bonne action. 

17. 

Write the italic verbs in the Past Participle. 
1. Savez-vous cette regie? Je l'ai etudier, inais je l'ai 
oublier. 2. La maison est encore telle que vous Tavez voir il y 
dix ans. 3. Ces enfants se sont bien amuser; je les ai voir 
courir et s'amuser. 4. Votre cousine est charmante ; je l'ai 
voir et je lui ai parler hier soir. 5. Vos soeurs sont arriver 
avant vous; je les ai renoontrer en venant. 6. Avez-vous lire 
la lettre que je vous ai envoy erl Non, je ne l'ai pas encore 
lire. 7. Ma montre est casser; je l'ai easser en jouant. Avec 
qui avez-vous jouerf 8. Vous nous avez donner une lecon 
tres difficile ; inais nous l'avons bien apprendre. 9. lis se sont 
amuser; elles se sont rencontrer, elles se sont parler. 10. Est- 
ce vous qui avez ecrire cette lettre? Oui, c'est moi qui l'ai 
ecrire. 11. Elle est bien ecrire, bien faire. Vous avez /aire 
cinq f autes ; voici les f autes que vous avez faire. 12. Ma mere 
s'est donner beaucoup de peine pour moi. 



182 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

18. 

1. Les dangers qu'elle a courir l'ont rendre plus pradente. 

2. Avez-vous entendre cette dame? Oui, je l'ai entendre. 

3. Elle a tres bien chanter. Avez-vous entendre cette dame 
chanter. 4. Voici la dame que fai voir au concert. 5. Voici la 
dame que j'ai voir peindre ; elle peignait des fleurs. 6. Voici 
les tableaux que j'ai voir peindre; c'est M. A. qui les a, peindre. 

7. Connaissez-vous les artistes que vous avez voir peindre? 

8. Quand nous sommes entrer M. A. faisait le portrait d'une 
dame. 9. Comiaissez-vous la dame que vous avez voir pein- 
dre? Son portrait est-il bien ressemblant? 10. Savez-vous la 
romance que vous avez entendre hier au concert? 11. Je l'ai 
entendre plusieurs fois. 12. Je l'ai entendre chanter plusieurs 
f ois, mais je ne la sais pas encore. Je n'ai pas encore pouvoir 
la retenir. 13. Voici la lecon que vous nous avez donner a 
apprendre. 14. Je me suis donner beaucoup de peine. 15. Si 
vous saviez quelle peine je me suis donner vous me donneriez 
dix points. 16. J'ai etudier toutes les lecons que vous avez 
vouloir. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH (JRAMMAR. 188 

ADDITIONAL EXERCISES. 
1. 

You study French, don't you? Do you speak French? 
3peak a little with me. I would like to. Let us try. Show 
me your album, will you? Who is that gentleman ? Who is 
that lady? Who is that young lady? It is Mr. and Mrs. Pal- 
mer ; it is Miss Palmer. Her portrait is very pretty. Is it quite 
resembling? She is prettier than her portrait. Do you know 
my uncle and my aunt? I know your cousin (in.) and your 
cousin (1). I often see your neighbour (m.). I sometimes speak 
to him. I saw your friends this morning. I shall see them 
again at noon. Tell (to) them to come to-night. One does 
not see (clear) enough. Light the gas or the lamp. Give me 
a match, if you please. 

You are French, are you not? Y r ou speak French, don't you? 
I am learning French. I study the French language. Do you 
study English? I have learned English. Do you know Ger- 
man? He is a Frenchman. I know his name; I know him. Of 
what country is that woman? She is French or Suiss. Do you 
know who she is? Do you know where she lives? I know her; 
I know her name. My neighbor is an Italian (f.). She is an 
amiable lady. She is charming. I sometimes speak to her. 



What time is it, please? Could you tell me what time it is? 
It is noon. It is midnight. It is one o'clock ; five minutes past 
one ; ten minutes past one ; a quarter past one ; half past one ; 
a quarter before two ; five minutes to two. I have been wait- 
ing half an hour. Wait a quarter of an hour more. It is late. 
You are late (en retard). Now quick; make haste. It is early 
yet. You ought to leave in time. Exactitude is the politness 
of kings. The clock is ten minutes fast. It does not go right. 
It is slow. 

How are you called? I am called Maurice. And this young 



184 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

girl, how is she called? She is called Lucy. What is your 
name? My name is Mary. How old are you? I am twelve 
years and six months old. You are younger than Lucy by (d') 
one year. She is taller than you by two inches (de deux pou- 
ces). She is older than I. Do you know how old she is? She 
is six months more than I. I am six months less than he. In 
what year was he born? In what month were you born? What 
day of the month was she born? She was born in one thousand 
eight hundred and ninety-two on the twenty-ninth of Feb- 
ruary. She can rarely celebrate her birth-day. 

3. 

How do you do? Very well, thank you, and yourself? Per- 
fectly well, I thank you. How are you to-day? How is your 
health? How is your friend Eugene? He is well. My brother 
is a little indisposed. I am sorry; I regret it. What is the 
matter with him? I hope it will be nothing. I am very glad 
to see you. Why do you come so seldom? If you should 
come often you would give (feriez) me much pleasure. Will 
you come at my friend's? He was here this morning, and we 
had much pleasure. I shall go and see him to-day. Yesterday 
I went to see Henry. I shall come again to see you to-morrow 
morning. I shall be delighted to see you. Remember me to 
your brother and sister. 

You have prepared your lesson well, have you not? Let us 
begin. Will you learn to read? I know to read, to write and 
to count. I read, I write and count well. I have taken, 
learned, and understood. I am still taking lessons. I learn 
and I understand. You learn and you understand. Can you 
understand all I say? I understand what you say. lean; I 
will. Write; read. Slowly, gently y quicker. Pronounce this 
word well. Repeat. Go to the blackboard. Take the chalk. 
I do not find it. Look for it. Write the word <i agreeable ». 
Spell. You made one mistake. I read, wrote, copied the 
whole page. That is enough. Go to your place. You de- 
serve compliments. 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 186 

4. 

The four seasons are: Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter. In 
Spring, the grass grows, the trees and bushes are covered with 
leaves, flowers and fruit. Often it rains, but the rain is neces- 
sary to water the plants and grains. In Summer it is fine 
weather. The sun is out; it is warm. A storm, a lightning, 
the thunder; it lightens, it thunders. There are thick clouds, 
it is going to pour. In Fall, the weather is agreeable; it is not 
too warm. In Winter, it is cold; it rains, it hails, it snows, it 
freezes, it thaws, it is slippery, there is ice, wind. It is cold ; 
I am cold; it is freezing, I am shivering. One must make 
good fire, and light the stove, the furnace. Warm yourself ; 
I am no longer cold; I warmed myself very well. Now I am 
going skating, to take a sleigh-ride. 

I have a few things to buy in that store. Let us go in ; they 
sell everything. What does the lady want? I want some 
black thread; white, thick, fine; needles, pins, a thimble, scis- 
sors, silk, wool, cotton, cloth, linen, tulle, lace, ribbons, lining, 
border, silk velvet. How do you like that velvet? Does 
that please you? The color is too dark; that one is too light. 
What is the price of this? How much cost this? How much? 
Ten francs a meter. It is dear. It is a little too dear. I beg 
your pardon, it is cheap. It is first quality. Have you any- 
thing cheaper? Here is something very pretty. It is very 
good and not dear. How many meters do you desire? 

5. 

Is Mr. N. at home? Is Mrs. N. at home? I think so; I will 
inquire. Whom have I the honor to announce? Your name, 
please? Here is my card. Please, be seated a moment. Madam 
is coming down at once. How glad I am to see you. You are 
very kind to have come. How amiable to have thought of me ! 
Do me the pleasure to sit down. It is a long time since I had 
the pleasure to see you. I have not seen you for a century. 
I was on a journey. I have just returned. I entered to know 



186 ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 

how you were. I am very much obliged to you for your atten- 
tion. I hope you are going to spend the evening with us. 

Here is a hotel that has a good appearance ; what do you 
say? Let us step down here, let us see. Can you give us two 
rooms? How many persons? Enter the parlor ; I will go and 
see. We have two rooms on the third story or a large room 
with two beds on the first story. Show me up at once. Let 
us see; is the bed good? Put on another blanket. Have our 
baggage carried up. Get the supper ready. Will you eat at 
table d'hote? At what time is the table d'hote? Serve us (our 
supper) in our room. What have you for supper? Give the 
bill of fare. Let us see. Wake me up (reveillez-moi) to-mor- 
row morning at six, and bring my bill. 

6. 

Here is a map ; there is a globe. Show me on the globe 
where is New York. Show me Europe, Asia, Africa, North 
America, South America? Where is Oceanica? Where is Aus- 
tralia? Where are the United States? Washington? We have 
been in Paris, Berlin, London. In France, in Germany, in 
England. In Russia, in Turkey, in Greece, in Austria. In 
Italy, in Spain, in Portugal. We were in Brussels, in Belgium. 
In June we Avill go and see the Niagara Falls. What is an 
island, a peninsula? What is a sea, a lake, a gulf, a river? 
What is an isthmus, a strait, a canal? Which are the largest 
mountains in the United States? Which are the largest cities 
in Europe? In New York city one sees people of all coun- 
tries: Englishmen, Irishmen, Germans, Frenchmen, Italians, 
Russians, Chinese, Japanese. 



We are going to Europe ; our trunks are ready. Our state- 
rooms (cabine, f.) are engaged. I am afraid of being seasick; 
it is not dangerous, but it is very disagreeable. I shall stop a 
few days in Havre, in Rouen and Paris. At what time the 
train for Paris? Apply to the ticket-office (guichet). Is there 



ELEMENTARY FRENCH GRAMMAR. 187 

any second class? No, it is an express-train. One first class, 
Paris. Have your baggage checked quickly. You are allowed 
30 kilog. (Vous avez droit a 30 kilog.) Ten centimes for the 
baggage ticket (bulletin), please. Walk (entrez) in the waiting- 
room. Travellers for Paris, all aboard (en voiture !). Try to 
get a corner place. Make haste, the signal is given. Adieu ; 
bon voyage. 

At last, here I am in Paris, Quick, a carriage, a cab. By 
the course, 1 fr. 50 centimes. By the hour, two francs. Driver, 
to the Grand-Hotel. How much? Two francs. Do not forget 
the gratuity (pourboire). To-day I rest, and to-morrow I shall 
go out. Sir, Rivoli street, if you please. Fourth on your 
right. Thanks. Attention! Take care! You will get run 
over (ecrasg). Paris has 70,000 houses, and more than two 
millions inhabitants; eighty public places, twenty-seven brid- 
ges which join the two banks of the Seine. You will admire 
the churches ; the palaces, the buildings, the monuments, the 
promenades, the streets and the boulevards. You can rent 
for one month an apartment or a room. A student would 
rather take a furnished room for 50 or 60 francs a month, on 
the fourth or fifth story. He takes his meals in the restaurant. 
Breakfast from 1.50 to 3 francs; dinner from 2.50 to 5 francs, 
with wine. In the Grand-Hotel, breakfast, 5 francs; dinner 
with concert, 8 francs ; rooms from 5 francs to 40 francs a day. 
Service and light extra. 



GENERAL VOCABULARY 



OF 



words used in the exercises. 



Abbreviations. 



adj. =;idjective 
art. =article 
adv. =adverb 
coirj.=conj unction 
f, =feminine 
m. ==inasculine 



part. 
pi. 

prep, 
pron. 
sing, 
v. 



=participlc 

=plural 

=preposition 

=pronoun 

=singular 

=verb 



ii. 



=1101111 



o.'s self=one's self 



French-English, 

A. 



abaisser, v., to lower, to humble. 

abandonner, v., to abandon. 

abattre, v., to pull or to knock 
down. 

abattu, adj., depressed; part., 
knocked down. 

abeille, n. f., bee. 

abime, n. m., abyss. 

abimer, v., to spoil, to ruin. 

abord (d'), adv., at first. 

aboyer, v., to bark. 

aboutir, v., to end, to come to. 

abreger, v., to abridge, to ab- 
breviate. 

abri, n. m., shelter. 

abriter, f , to shelter. 

absoudre, v., to absolve. 

abstenir (s'), v., to abstain. 

abus. n. m., abuse. 



abuser, v., to abuse, 
accabler, v., to overwhelm, 
accompagner, v., to accompany. 
accord, n. m., agreement. 
accorder, v., to grant, to tune. 
accorder (s'), v., to agree. 
accourir, v., to run, to come in 

haste. 
acheter, v., to buy. 
achever, v., to achieve, to finish. 
acquerir, v., to acquire. 
acquitter, v., to acquit, to pay. 
acte, n. m., act, action, 
acteur, n. m., actor. 
act if, adj., active. 
admettre, v., to admit. 
adresse, n. /., address, skill. 
adresser (s'), v., to apply. 
adroit, adj., dexterous, clever. 
189 



190 



VOCABULARY. 



affaiblir, v., to weaken. 

affaire, n. /., affair, business. 

affectueux, adj., affectionate. 

affliger, v., to afflige. 

affreux, adj., frightful. 

affronter, v., to face, to brave. 

afin que, conj., in order that. 

age, adj., aged. 

agir, v., to act. 

agir (s'), v., to be a question, to 
be the matter. 

agneau, n. m., lamb. 

agrement, n. m., pleasure, con- 
sent. 

aider, v., to aid, to help. 

aieul, n. m., grandfather, an- 
cestor. 

aigle, n. m., eagle. 

aigre, adj., acid, sour. 

aigrir, v., to exasperate, to sour. 

aigu, adj., acute, sharp. 

aiguille, n, /., need. 

aile, n. f., wing. 

ailleurs, adv., elsewhere. 

ailleurs (d'), adv., besides. 

aimable, adj., amiable. 

aimant, n. m., magnet. 

aimer, v., to love, to like. 

aine, adj., elder, eldest. 

ainsi, adv., thus, so. 

ainsi de suite, and so forth. 

air, n. m., air. 

aise, n. /., ease. 

aise, adj., glad, pleased. 

aise, adj., easy. 

aj outer, v., to add. 

Allemagne, n.f., Germany. 

allemand, adj., German. 

aller, v., to go. 



aller (s'en), v., to go away. 

allonger, v., to lengthen. 

allumer, v., to light. 

allumette, n. f., match. 

allure, n. f., gait, pace, way. 

alors, adv., then. 

alouette, n. f., lark. 

altere, adj., thirsty, altered. 

alterer, v., to alter, to change. 

amant, n. ??i., loveis suitor. 

amas, n. m., heap. 

amasser, v., to hear- ap. 

ambitieux, adj,, ambitious. 

ame, n. f., soul. 

ameliorer, v., to better, t'- im- 
prove. 

amende, n f , fine, penalty. 

amener, v ., to bring. 

amer, adj., bitter. 

americain, adj., American. 

Amerique (1'), n. f., America. 

ami, n. m., friend. 

amiable (a 1'), amicably, by pri- 
vate contract. 

amiral, n. m., admiral. 

amitie, n.f., friendship, love. 

amities, n. f., regards, compli- 
ments. 

amour, n. m., love. 

amusant, adj., amusing. 

amuser, v., to amuse. 

an, n. m., year. 

ancien, adj., ancient. 

ancre, n.f., anchor. 

ane, n. m., as?, donkey. 

aneantir, v., to annihilate. 

ange, n. m., angel. 

animer, v., to animate, to excite. 

animosity, n. /., animosity. 



VOCABULARY. 



1!U 



ann£e, n. /., year. 

annoncer, v., to announce. 

aoiit, n. m., August. 

apaiser, v., to appease, to calm. 

apercevoir, v., to sec, to perceive. 

apotre, n. m., apostle. 

apparaitre, v., to appear. 

appartement, n. m., apartments. 

appartenir, v., to belong. 

appeler, v., to call, to appeal. 

appeler (s'), v., to be called. 

applaudir, v., to applaud, 

applaudissement, n. m., ap- 
plause. 

applique^, adj., diligent, attentive. 

appliquer, v., to apply. 

apporter, v., to bring. 

apprendre, v., to learn. 

apprenti, n. m., apprentice. 

appreter, v., to make ready, to 
prepare. 

approcher, v., to approach. 

appui, n. m., support. 

appuyer, i\, to support, to lean. 

apres, prep, adv., after, after- 
wards. 

apres (d'), prep., after, accord- 
ing to. 

araignee, n /., spider. 

arbre, n. m., tree. 

arbrisseau, n. m., shrub. 

arbuste, n. m., shrub. 

arborer, v., to hoist, to set up. 

arc, n. m., arc, bow. 

arc-en-ciel, n. m., rainbow. 

archeveque, n. m., archbishop. 

argent, n. m , silver, money. 

argile, n. /., clay. 

arme, n. /., arm, weapon. 



arm£e, n ./'., army. 
armoire, n, /., cupboard, ward- 
robe. 
arracher, v., to tear, to pull. 

arret, n. m., stop, decree. 
arreter, r., to stop, to arrest. 
arriere, adv., behind. 
arrivee, n. /., arrival. 

arriver, v., to arrive, to happen. 
arroser, v., to water, to sprinkle. 
asile, ?i. m., asylum, refuge. 

assaut, n. m., assault, attack. 

asseoir (s'), v., to sit down. 

assez, adv., enough. 

assidu, adj., assiduous. 

assieger, v., to besiege. 

assiette, n. /., plate. 

assis, part., sitting, seated. 

assister, v., to assist, to be pre- 
sent. 

assommer, v., to knock down. 

assortir, v., to match, to assort. 

assoupir (s')> ''•, to get drowsy. 

assujettir, v., to subdue. 

assurer, v., to assure. 

atelier, n. m., studio, workshop. 

atteindre, v., to reach, to attain. 

attelage, n. m., team, yoke. 

atteler, v., to hitch, to put (the 
horses) to. 

attendre, v., to wait (for), to 
expect. 

attendre (s'), v., to expect. 

attente, n. /., expectation. 

attenter, v., to make an attempt. 

attendrir, v., to affect, to move. 

attendu, part., waited, expected. 

attendu que, conj., considering 
. that. 



192 



VOCABULARY. 



attirer, v., to attract. 
attraper, v., to catch, 
attrait, n. to., attraction, 
attrister, v., to sadden. 
aubepine, n. /., hawthorne. 
auberge, n. /., inn. 
aubergiste, n. to., innkeeper. 
aucun, adj., not any, none, no. 
audace, n. f, audacity. 
auditeur, n. to., hearer, 
augmenter, v., to increase, to 

augment. 
augure, n. to., augur, omen, 
aujourd'hui, adv., to-day. 
aumone, n.f., alms, 
aupres, prep., near, 
aureole, n. f, halo, glory. 
aurore, n. f., dawn, 
aussi, adv.,conj., also, too; as; 

therefore. 
aussitot, adv., immediately, 
aussitot que, conj., as soon as. 
autant, adv. , as much, as many, 
autel, n. m., altar, 
auteur, n. m., author, 
automne, n. m., autumn, 
autoriser, v., to authorize. 



autour de, prep., around* 
autre, adj., other. 
autrefois, adv., formerly, 
autrement, adv., otherwise, 
autrui, pron., others, 
avaler, v., to swallow. 
avance, n.f., advance. 
avancer, v., to advance, 
avant, prep., before. 
avantage, n. m., advantage, 
avare, n. to., miser. 
avec, prep., with. 
avenir, n. to., future, 
aventure, n.f., adventure, 
aventurier, n, to., adventurer. 
averse, n. /., shower. 
avertir, v., to warn, to inform. 
aveu, n. to., avowal, confession. 
aveugle, adj., blind, 
avide, adj., greedy, eager. 
avis, n. to., advice. 
avocat, n. to., lawyer, barrister. 
avoine, n. /., oats, 
avoir, v., to have. 
avoir, n. to., property. 
avouer, v., to avow, to confess, 
avril, n. to., April. 



B. 



babiller, v., to prattle, to chatter. 
bagatelle, n.f., trifle, 
bague, n. f, ring. 
baguette, n. f., wand, switch, 
baigner, v., to bathe. 
bain, n. to., bath. 
baiser, n. to., kiss. 
baisser, v., to lower. 
baisser (se), v., to stoop. . 



bal, n. to., bal (dancing), 
balai, n. to., broom, 
balayer, v., to sweep. 
balbutier, v., to stammer. 
balcon, n. to., balcony, 
baleine, n.f, whale, 
balle, n. f., ball, bullet, bale. 
banc, n. to., bench, 
bannir, v., to bannish. 



VOCABULARY. 



I!»:; 



banquier, n. m., banker. 

bapteme, n. ///., baptism, 
barbe, n. /., bean I. 
barriere, n. /., barrier, gate. 
bas, adj., low. 
bas, n. m., stocking. 
base, n. /., base, basis. 
basse, n. /., bass. 
bataille, n. /., battle. 
bateau, n. m., boat, 
batiment, n. m., building, 
batir, v., to build, 
baton, n. m., stick. 
battre, v., to beat, 
bavard, adj., talkative, gossip. 
beau, adj., beautiful, handsome. 
beaucoup, adv., much, very 

much, 
beau-pere, n. m., father-in-law, 

stepfather. 
b6be, n. m., baby, 
bee, n. m., beak, bill. 
begayer, v., to lisp, to stammer. 
belement, n. m., bleating, 
beler, v., to bleat. 
b£lier, n. m., ram. 
belliqueux, adj. y warlike. 
benediction, n. /., blessing. 
b^nir, v., to bless, 
bercer, v., to rock, to lull. 
berceau, n. m., cradle, arbor, 
berger, n. m., shepherd. 
besogne, n. /., work. 
besoin, n. m., need, want. 
betail, n. m., cattle. 
bete, n. f., beast, animal. 
bete, adj., foolish, silly, stupid. 
betise, n. /., stupidity, 
beurre, n. m., butter. 



biblioth&que, n. /., library. 

bien, <ulr. y well. 

bien, n. m., property, good, 
wraith. 

bienfaisant, adj.. beneficient. 

bienfait, ?t. ///., benefit, kindness. 

bienfaiteur, //. m., benefactor. 

bienheureux, adj., nappy, bles- 
sed. 

bientot, adv., soon. 

bienveillance, n. /., kin u<s< 

bienvenu, adj., welcome. 

biere, n. f. M beer. 

bijou, n. m., jewel. 

bijoutier, n. m., jeweler. 

bille, it. f., marble, ball. 

billet, n. m., ticket, note. 

bis, adj., brown, tawny. 

bis, adv., twice. 

bizarre, adj., odd, whimsical. 

blamer, v., to blame. 

blanc, adj., white. 

ble, n. m., corn, wheat. 

blesser, v., to wound, to hurt. 

blessure, n. /., wound. 

bleu, adj., blue. 

bluet, n. m., blue-bottle. 

bocage, n. m., grove. 

bceuf, n. m., e 

boire, v., to drink. 

bois, n. m., wood. 

boite, n. /., box. 

boiter, v., to limp. 

boiteux, adj., lame, limping. 

bon, adj., good. 

bond, n. m., bound, leap. 

bondir, v., to bound, to leap. 

bonheur, n. m., happiness. 

bonnet, n. m., cape. 



194 



VOCABULARY. 



bonte, n. /., goodness, kindness. 

bord, n. m., border, edge, bank, 
shore. 

border, v., to edge, to border. 

borgne, adj., one-eyed. 

borne, n. /'., boundary, limite- 
stone. 

borne, adj., narrow, limited. 

bosquet, n. m., grove. 

bosse, n. /., hump. 

bossu, adj., hunch-back. 

botte, n. /., boot. 

bottine, n. /., half -boot. 

bouc, n. m., he-goat. 

bouche, n. /., mouth. 

boucher, v., to stop up, to cork. 

bouchon, n. m., cork, stopper. 

bouclier, n. m. y shield. 

bouder, v., to pout. 

boue, n. /., mud, dirt. 

bouger, v., to move. 

bougie, n. /., wax-candle. 

boulanger, n. m., baker. 

bouillir, v., to boil. 

bouillon, n. m., broth, beef -tea. 

boule, n. /., ball. 

boulet, n.m.y ball (of cannon) . 

bourbe, n. /., mud, mire. 

bourgeois, n, m , citizen, bour- 
geois. 

bourgeon, n. m., bud. 

bourreau, n. m., executioner, 

bourrer, v., to stuff. 

bourse, n. /., purse, exchange. 

boussole, n. /., compass. 

bout, n. m., end. 

bouteille, n. /., bottle. 

bouton, n. m., button, bud, 
pimple. 



boutonniere, n. /., button-hole, 
braire, v., to bray. 
braise, n. f., embers. 
bras, n. m., arm. 
brasier, n, m., fire of live-coal, 
brebis, n.f., sheep. 
breche, n.f., breach, break. 
bref, adj., brief, short. 
breuvage, n. m., beverage, drink, 
bride, n. /., bridle. 
briller, v., to shine, to glitter. 
brin, n. m , blade (of grass), bit* 
brise, n. f. , breeze. 
briser, v., to break. 
broder, v., to embroider. 
broderie, n. f., embroidery. 
brosse, n. /., brush. 
brosser, v., to brush, 
brouillard, n. m., fog. 
brouiller, v., to mix up. 
brouiller (se), v., to disagree, t<v 

fall out. 
broussailles, n. f. pi., brush> 

wood. 
bruit, n. m., noise. 
bruler, v., to burn, 
brun, adj., brown, 
bruyant, adj., noisy. 
bruyere, n. /., heath, 
buche, n. /., log of wood. 
bucher, n.m., wood-shade fun> 

eral pile. 
bucheron, n. m., woodman. 
buisson, n. m., bush. 
bureau, n. m., office, desk. 
but, n. m., aim, object. 
butin, n. m., booty. 
butte, n. f., knoll, rising ground. 
buveur, n. m., drinker. 



VOCABULARY. 

c. 



195 



<;a (cela), pron., that. 

9a et la, adv., here and there. 

cabane, 11. /., cabin, hut. 

cacher, v., to hide, to conceal. 

cachet, n. m., seal, stamp. 

cacheter, v., to seal up. 

cadeau, n. m., present, gift. 

cafe, n. m., coffee. 

cahier, n. m., copy-book. 

caillou, n. m., pebble-stone. 

calomnie, u. /., calumny. 

calomnier, v., to calumniate, to 
slander. 

camarade, n. m. /., comrade, 
play-mate. 

campagne, n. /., country, cam- 
paign. 

canard, n. m., duck (male or 
female). 

cane, n. /., duck (female). 

canif, n. m., penknife. 

canne, n. /., cane, stick. 

cantiniere, n. /., canteen-wo- 
man. 

car, conj., for. 

caractere, n. m., character. 

careme, n. in., Lent. 

caresser, v., to caress. 

carillon, n. m., peal (of bells), 
chimes. 

carre, adj., square. 

carreau, n. m. } square, pan of 
glass. 

carriere, n. /., carreer, quarry. 

carriole, n. /., cart, gig. 

carrosse, n. in., coach. 

carte, n. /., cai*d, map, chart. 



carton, 11. m., cardboard, hat- 
box. 

cartouche, 11. /., cartridge. 
cas, 11. Di., case, event, 
casquette, n. /., cap. 
casser, v., to break, 
causer, v., to cause, to talk, 
caverne, n. /., cavern, cave. 
c£der, v., to yield, 
ceinture, n. /., belt, sash, 
celebre, adj., celebrated. 
ceUebrer, v., to celebrate. 
celeste, adj., celestial, heavenly, 
cellule, ft. /., cell, 
cendre, 11. f. t ashes, cinders, 
centre, 11. in., center. 
cependant, adv., however, 
cerceau, n. m., hoop. 
cercle, n. in., circle. 
cercueil, u. m., coffin, 
cerf, n. m. f stag, deer, hart, 
cerise, n. /,, cherry. 
cerisier, n. m., cherry-tree, 
certes, adv., indeed, 
cerveau, 11. m., brain, 
cervelle, n. /., brain, 
chacun, adj., each, every one. 
chagrin, n. in., grief, sorrow. 
chair, n. f. , flesh, 
chaire, n. /., pulpit, 
chaise, n. /., chair, 
chaleur, 11. /., heat. 
chambre, n. /., room, 
chameau, 11. m., camel. 
champ, n, in., field 
chance, 11. /., chance, hazard. 
chanceler, v., to stagger. 



196 



VOCABULARY. 



chanoine, n. m., canon. 

chanson, n.f., song. 

chant, n. m., song, singing. 

chanter, v., to sing. 

chanvre, n. m., hemp. 

chapeau, n. m., hat. 

chapitre, n. m., chapter. 

chaque, adj., each. 

char, n. m., car, chariot. 

charbon, n. m., coal. 

charge, n.f., load, office. 

charger, v., to charge, to load. 

charlatan, n.m., impostor, quack. 

charpentier, n. m., carpenter. 

charrue, n. /., plough. 

chasse, n. f., hunting. 

chasser, v., to drive away, to 
hunt. 

chasseur, n. m., hunter. 

chat, n. m., cat. 

chataigne, n. f., chestnut. 

chateau, n. m. f castle. 

chatier, v., chastise. 

chaud, adj., warm. 

chauffer, v., to warm, to heat. 

chaumiere, n. /., cottage (with 
thatched roof) . 

chaussure, n. /., boots, shoes. 

chaux, n.f., lime. 

chef, n. m., chief. 

chef-d'oeuvre, n. m., master- 
piece. 

chemin, n. m., way, road. 

cheminee, n. f., chimney. 

chene, n. m., oak. 

chenille, n. /., caterpillar. 

cher, adj., dear. 

cherir, v., to cherish, to love 
dearly 



chercher, v., to look for. 

cheval, n. m., horse. 

cheveu, n. m., hair. 

chevelure, n.f., head of hair, 
hair. 

chevre, n.f., goat. 

chevreuil, n. m., roebuck, deer. 

chez, prep., at the house of, 
among. 

chien, n. m., dog. 

chiffon, n. m., rag, scrap. 

chiffonner, v., to rumple, if 
ruffle. 

chiffre, n. m., cipher. 

chceur, n. m., choir, chorus. 

choisir, v., to choose. 

choix, n. m., choice, selection. 

chose, n. /., thing. 

chou, n. m., cabbage. 

Chretien, n. m., christian. 

chut! interj., hush! 

chute, n. /., fall. 

cicatrice, n. /., scar. 

ciel, n. m., sky, heaven. 

cire, n. /., wax. 

circonstance, n. /., circum- 
stance. 

ciseau, n. m., chisel. 

ciseaux, n.m. pi., scissors. 

citer, v., to quote, to summon. 

citoyen, n. m., citizen. 

citron, n. m., lemon. 

clair, adj., clear, light. 

clarte, n. f, clearness, light. 

clef, n. /., key. 

clin d'ceil, n. m., wink. 

cliquetis, n. m., clang, clank, 
clashing. 

cloche, n.f., bell. 



VOCABULARY. 



197 



clocher, n. m., steeple. 

cloison, n. /., partition. 

clou, n. in., nail. 

clouer, v., to nail down. 

cocher, n. m., coachman, driver. 

cochon, n. m., pig, hog. 

cceur, n. m., heart. 

coiffe, n. /., hair-dress. 

coiffer, «., to dress one's hair. 

coiffeur, n. in., hair-dresser. 

coiffure, n.f., head-dress. 

coin, n. m., corner. 

colere, n.f., anger. 

college, n. m., college. 

collegue, n. in., colleague. 

colibri, n. m. t humming-bird. 

colle, 11. /., paste, glue. 

coller, v.j to paste. 

collier, n. in., necklace, collar. 

colorier, v., to color. 

combat, n. m., combat, fight. 

combattre, v., to fight. 

combien, adv., how much, how 
many. 

comble, n. m., height, utmost. 

combler, v., to heap or fill up. 

comme, adv. conj., as, like; 
how...! 

commencer, v., to begin. 

comment, adv., how. 

commettre, v ., to commit. 

commis, part., committed. 

commode, adj., convenient, com- 
fortable. 

commode, n. /., bureau, chest 
of drawers. 

commun, adj., common, mutual. 

comparaitre, v., to appear. 

compatir, v., to sympathize. 



compatriote, n. in., fellow-coun- 
tryman. 

complot, it. in., plot. 

comprendre, v., to understand, 

compris, part., understood. 

comprimer, v., to compress, to 
its train. 

compromettre, v., to compro- 
mise. 

comptant, n. m., ready-money, 
cash. 

compte, ii. m., account, reckon- 
ing. 

compter, v., to count. 

comte, ii. in., count. 

comtesse, n. f., countess. 

concevoir, v., to conceive, to 
understand. 

concierge, n. m., porter, door- 
keeper. 

conclure, v., to conclude. 

concourir, v., to compete. 

concours, n. tn., concourse. 

condamner, v., to condemn. 

conduire, v., to conduct, to lead. 

conduite, n. /., behavior, con- 
duct. 

confiance, n. /., trust, confi- 
dence. 

confidence, n. /., trustful com- 
munication, confidence. 

confier, v., to confide, to trust. 

confiture, n.f., jam, preserves. 

confrere, n. m., colleague. 

confus, adj., confused. 

conge, 11. m., leave, holiday. 

congedier, v., to discharge, to 
dismiss. 
i conjurer, v., to conspire. 



198 



VOCABULARY. 



connaissance, n.f., knowledge. 

connaitre, v., to know, to be 
acquainted with. 

conquerir, v., to conquer. 

conquis, part., conquered. 

consacrer, v., to consecrate. 

conscrit, n. m., conscript, re- 
cruit. 

conseil, n. m. t advice. 

conseiller, v., to advice. 

consentir, v., to consent. 

conserver, v., to preserve. 

consterner, v., to dismay. 

construire, v., to construct. 

conte, n. m., tale. 

contenir, v., to contain. 

contenter, v., to satisfy, to 
please. 

conter, v., to relate, to tell. 

contraindre, v., to compel, to 
constrain. 

contraire, adj., contrary. 

contre, prep., against. 

contrebandier, n. m., smuggler, 

contredire, v., to contradict. 

contree, n. f. , country. 

convaincre, v., to convince. 

convenable, adj., proper. 

convenir, v., to agree, to suit. 

convertir, v., to convert, 

convive, n. m., guest. 

coq, n. m., cock, rooster. 

coque, n. /., shell, hull. 

coquin, n. m., rogue, knave. 

corbeau, n. m., raven, crow. 

corbeille, n. f., basket. 

corde, n. f., rope, cord, string. 

cordon, n. m., twist, string. 

cordonnier, n. m., shoemaker. 



corne, n. f., horn. 

corps, n. 7)i., body, corps. 

corriger, v., to correct. 

corrompre, v., to corrupt. 

cortege, n. m., retinue, proces- 
sion. 

cote, n.f., coast, rib. 

cote, n. m. } side. 

coteau, n. m., slope, hillock. 

coton, n. m. y cotton. 

cou, n, m., neck. 

coucher, v„ to lay down. 

coucher (se), v., to lie down. 

coude, n. m., elbow. 

coudre, v., to sew. 

couler, v., to flow. 

coup, n. m., blow, stroke, knock, 
hit, thrust, clap, shot. 

coup d'ceil, n. m., glance. 

coupalile, adj., guilty. 

couper, v., to cut. 

cour, n. /., court. 

courber, v., to bend. 

courir, v., to run. 

couronne, n. /,, crown. 

couronner, v., to crown. 

courroux, n. m., anger. 

course, n. /., race, course. 

court, adj., short. 

courtisan, n. m., courtling, cour- 
tier. 

couteau, n. m., knife. 

couter, v., to cost. 

coutume, n. /., custom. 

couture, n.f., seam. 

couturiere, n. f., dressmaker. 

couvert, part., covered. 

couvrir, v., to cover. 

craie, n. /., chalk. 



VOCABULARY. 



m 



craindre, v., to fear. 
crainte, n. /., fear, 
crane, n. m., skull, 
crayon, n. m., pencil. 
cr6er, v., to create, 
creme, n. /., cream, 
creuser, v., to hollow, to dig. 
creux, adj.. hollow, 
crever, v., to burst, to break. 
cri, n. m., cry, shout, scream. 
crier, v., to scream, to cry. 
crin, n. vi., horse-hair. 
criniere, n, /., mane, 
crochet, n. m., hook. 
croire, v., to believe. 
croitre, v., to grow. 



croix, n. /., cross, 
cru, part., believed, 
cru, part., grown. 
cruaut6, n. /., cruelty. 

cruche, n. /., pitcher, jug. 
cueillir, v., to gather, to pick. 
cuillere, n. f., spoon. 
cuir, n. m., leather, 
cuire, v., to cook, to bake. 
cuisine, n.f., kitchen, 
cuisinier, n. m. s cook, 
cuit, part., cooked, baked, 
cuivre, n. in., copper, bra--. 
culte, n. m., worship. 
cur6, n. in., parish priest, cure 
cygne, n. m., swan. 



daigner, v., to deign. 

dame, n. /., lady. 

dame! inter j., why 1 well! 

damner, v., to damn. 

dans, prep., in, into. 

danser, v., to danse. 

davantage, adv., more. 

d€ } n. m. thimble, die (dice). 

debarrasser, v. , to disembarrass, 
to rid. 

dSboucher, v., to open, to un- 
cork. 

debout, adv., erect, standing. 

debris, n. m., remains, fragment. 

decide, part., deceased. 

decevoir, v., to deceive. 

dechirer, v., to tear. 

decouper, v., to cut up. 

d£courager, v., to discourage. 

decouvrir, v.. to discover. 



decrire, v., to describe. 

d6daigner, v., to disdain. 

d£dain, n. in., disdain, scorn. 

dedans, adv., inside, within. 

d6faut, n. 7)i., defect, fault. 

defendre, v. , to defend, to forbid. 

defier (se), v., to distrust. 

dugout, n. in., disgust. 

degouter, v., to disgust. 

d£guiser, v., to disguise. 

dehors, adv., outside. 

deja, adv., already. 

dejeuner, v., to breakfast, to 
lunch. 

d6jouer, v., to baffle, to thwart. 

delai, n. in., delay. 

delaisser, v., to abandon, to for- 
sake. 

delasser, v., to rest. 

deluge, n. m., flood. 



200 



VOCABTTLARY. 



delier, v., to untie, to loosen. 

demain, adv., to-morrow. 

demande, n. /., request. 

demander, v., to ask. 

demeure, n. f. , residence. 

demeurer, v., to reside, to live. 

demi, adj., half. 

demoiselle, n. /., young lady. 

denier, v., to deny. . 

d6noncer, v., to denounce. 

denouement, w. m., catastrophe, 
upshot. 

dentelle, n. /., lace. 

denument, n. m., destitution. 

dent, n. /., tooth. 

depart, n. m., departure. 

depecher (se), v., to make haste. 

depens, n. rn.pl., expense. 

d^penser, v., to spend. 

d6pit, n. m., spite. 

d£plaire, v., to displease. 

d6plaisir, n. m., displeasure. 

depot, n. m., deposit, trust. 

depouiller, v., to despoil. 

depourvu, adj., destitute, un- 
provided. 

depuis, adv. prep., since. 

derange r, v., to derange, to dis- 
turbe. 

dernier, adj., last. 

dernierement, adv., lately. 

derober, v., to rob. 

d6route, n. /., rout, disorder, 

derriere, adv. prep., behind. 

des, prep., from. 

des que, conj., as soon as. 

d6sagreable, adj., disagreeable. 

desalt£rer (se), v., to quench 
one's thirst. 



descendre, v., to descend, to go 

or come down. 
desespoir, n. m., despair. 
deshonorer, v., to dishonor. 
dgsobeir, v., to disobey. 
desoler (se), v., to distress. 
desormais, adv., henceforth. 
dess6che, part., dried up. 
dessein, n.m., design, intention. 
dessin, n. m., drawing. 
dessiner, v., to draw. 
dessous, adv., under, below, 
dessus, adv., over, above, 
destin, n. m., destiny. 
detail, n. m., detail, particular, 
deteindre, v., to lose its color. 
d6tenir, v., to detain. 
d6tour, n. m., winding, turning, 

roundabout way. 
detourner, v., to turn aside, to 

dissuade. 
d6tresse, n. f., distress. 
detroit, n. m., strait. 
d^truire, v., to destroy, 
dette, n. /., debt, 
deuil, n.m., mourning, 
devaliser, v., to rob. 
devant, adv. prep., before, 
devenir, v., to become, 
devin, n. m., deviner. 
deviner, v., to devine. 
devise, n. /., motto, device. 
devoir, n. m., duty. 
devoir, v., to owe, to must, 
devorer, v., to devour. 
devot, n. m., devout. 
devou6, adj., devoted. 
devouement, n. m., devotedness. 
diable, n. m. 9 devil. 



VOCABULARY. 



201 



diamant, n. in., diamond. 

Dieu, n. m., God. 

difficile, adj., difficult, hard. 

digne, adj., worthy. 

digue, n. /., dam, dike. 

diminuer, v., to diminish. 

dindon, n. in., turkey. 

diner, n. in., dinner. 

dire, v., to say, to tell. 

dinger, v., to direct, to manage. 

discours, n. in., speech, dis- 
course. 

disparaitre, v., to disappear. 

dissip€, adj., dissipated. 

distrait, adj., absent, inatten- 
tive. 

distribuer, v., to distribute. 

divers, adj., different. 

divertir, v., to divert, to amuse. 

diviser, v., to divide. 

doigt, 11. in., finger. 

dominant, adj., ruling. 

dominer, v., to rule. 

dommage, n. in., damage, pity. 

don, 11. m., gift. 

done, conj., then, therefore. 

dont, pron., of whom, of which. 

dorer, v., to gild. 

dofmir, v., to sleep. 

dos, n. m., back. 



dot, n. /., dowry, portion. 

douane, n. /., custom-house. 

douanier, it. in., custom-house 
officer. 

doucement, adv., sweetly, softly. 

douceur, n. /., sweetness, gentle- 
ness. 

dou6, adj., gifted. 

douleur, n. /., pain, grief. 

douloureux, adj., painful, sore. 

doute, n. m., doubt. 

douter, v., to doubt. 

douter (se), v., to suspect. 

douteux, adj., doubtful. 

doux, adj., sweet, soft, gentle. 

drap, it. m., cloth, sheet. 

drapeau, n. m., flag. 

droit, n. in., right. 

droit, adj., straight, right. 

drole, adj., odd, droll. 

drole, n. in., rogue, scoundrel. 

du, part., owed, been obliged. 

du, adj., due. 

due, n. m„ duke. 

duchesse, n, /., duchess. 

dur, adj., hard. 

duree, n, /., duration. 

durer, v., to last. 

duret6, n. /., hardness. 

duvet, n. m., down. 



eau, ii. /., water. 
ebahi, adj., amazed, astounded. 
6bauche, n. /., sketch, outline. 
6bats, ii. in. pi., frolics. 
eblouir, v., to dazzle, 
ecaille, n. /., shell. 



ecart, n. m., step aside, 
^carter, v., to put aside, to keep 

off. 
6chafaud, n. m., scaffold, 
echantillon, n. in., sample.- 
6chapper, v., to escape. 



£02 



VOCABULARY. 



echauffer, v., to heat, to warm, 
echelle, n. /., ladder. 
eclair, n. m., lightning. 
eclairer, v., to enlighten, to 

light. 
eclat, n. m., burst, flash; splinter, 
eclatant, adj., bright, brillant. 
eclater, v., to burst out, to shine. 
ecole, n. /., school 
ecolier, n. m., scholar, pupil. 
ecorce, n. f., bark, rind. 
ecossais, adj., Scotch. 
Ecosse, n. /., Scotland. 
ecouler (s'), to pass, to elapse. 
ecouter, v., to listen. 
ecraser, v., to crush. 
eerier (s'), v., to exclaim. 
ecrire, v., to write, 
ecriture, n. f., writing. 
ecrivain, n. m., writer. 
ecureuil, n. m., squirrel, 
ecurie, n. /., horse-stable. 
effet, n. m., effect, result, 
effet (en), adv., indeed, 
efforcer (s'), v., to endeavor, to 

try. 
effort, n. m., effort, exertion, 
effrayer, v., to frighten, 
egal, adj., equal, 
egard, n. m., regard, respect, 
egare, adj., stray, lost, 
egayer, v., to cheer up. 
eglise, n. /., church, 
egoisme, n. m., selfishness. 
egoiste, n. m., selfish, 
egorger, v., to cut the throat, 

to kill. 
egratigner, v., to scratch. 
£lan, 7i. 97i., start, bound. 



elanc6, adj., slender, 
elancer (s'), v., to rush, to spring. 
eleve, n. m. /., pupil. 
Clever, v., to raise, to bring up. 
elire, v., to elect. 
eloge, n. m., praise. 
eloigner, v., to remove, 
eloigner (s'), v., to go away, 
elu, part., elected, 
email, n. m., enamel, 
embarras, n. m., embarrassment. 
embellir, v., to embellish. 
embeter, v., to bore, 
embraser, v., to fire, 
embrasser, v., to kiss, 
embrouiller, v., to tangle. 
£meraude, n. /., emerald, 
emeute, n. /., riot, 
emmener, v., to take away. 
emouvoir, v., to move, 
empailler, v., to stuff (with 

straw. ) 
emparer(s'), v., to seize. 
empecher, v., to prevent, 
emplir, v., to fill. 
employer, v., to employ, to use. 
emporter, v., to carry away, 
emporter (s'), v., to be carried 

away with passion, 
empresse, adj., eager, 
empresser (s'), v., to be eager, 

to hasten, 
emprunter, v. to borrow, 
emu, part., moved, 
encadrer, v., to frame, 
enchainer, v., to chain up. 
encore, adv., yet, still, 
encre, n. f., ink. 
encrier, n. m.. inkstand. 



VOCABULARY. 



endormir, v., to put to sleep. 

endormir (s'), v., to fall asleep. 

endroit, n. m., place. 

enfant, n. m., child. 

enfer, n. m., hell. 

enfermer, v., to shut in. 

enfin, adv., at last. 

enfl6, adj., swollen, inflated. 

enfoncer, v., to sink, to drive in. 

enfouir, v., to bury. 

enfuir (s'), v., to run away, to 
flee. 

enlever, v., to take away. 

ennemi, n. m., enemy. 

ennui, n, m., tediousness. 

ennuyer, v., to weary, to bore. 

ennuyer (s'), v., to feel wearied, 
bored. 

ennuyeux, adj., tedious, weari- 
some. 

enragS, adj., enraged, mad. 

enrhumer (s*), v., to catch a cold. 

enseigner, v., to teach. 

ensemble, adv., together. 

ensuite, adv., afterwards. 

entendre, v., to hear. 

enterrer, v., to bury. 

entete, adj., obstinate. 

entier, adj., entire. 

entourer, v., to surround. 

entrainer, v., to carry away. 

entre, prep., between. 

entree, n. /., entrance. 

entreprendre, v., to undertake. 

entrer, v., to enter. 

entretenir, v., to entertain, to 
keep up. 

entretenir (s'), v., to converse. 

entretien, n. m., conversation. 



entrevoir, v., to perceive. 
entr'ouvrir, v., to half open. 
envers, n. m., wrong side. 
envi (al'), adv., vying with. 
envie, n. f., envy, desire. 
envier, v., to envy. 
environ, adv., about. 
environner, v., to surround, 
environs, n. m. pi., neighbor- 
hood. 
envoyer, v., to send. 
epais, adj., thick. 
epargner, v., to spare, to save. 
epars, adj., scattered, 
epaule, n. /., shoulder. 
epee, n. f., sword. 
epeler, v., to spell. 
epicier, n. m., grocer. 
epine, n,f., thorne. 
epingle, n. f., pin. 
eponge, »./., sponge. 
epoque, n. /., epoch. 
epouse, n. f., wife, spouse. 
epoux, n. m., husband, 
epreuve, n. /., trial, 
eprouver, v. t to try, to experience, 
epuiser, v., to exhaust. 
errer, v., to wander, to err. 
erreur, n. /., error, 
escalier, n. m., staircase, stairs. 
escarpe, adj., steep. 
esclave, n. m., slave. 
espace, n. m., space. 
espece, n. f., species, kind. 
esperance, n. f., hope. 
esperer, v., to hope. 
espoir, n. m., hope, 
esprit, n. m., spirit, ghost, wit. 
essai, n. m., essay, trial. 



204 



VOCABULARY. 



essayer, v., to try. 

essuyer, v., to wipe, to wipe up. 

est, n. m., East. 

estime, n.f., esteem. 

estimer, v., to esteem. 

etable, n. /., stable. 

£tage, n. m., story, floor. 

etat, n. m., state, condition. 

Etats-Unis, n. m.pl., United- 
States. 

et£, n. m., Summer. 

eteindre, v., to extinguish. 

etendre, v., to extend, to stretch. 

etincelle, n. /., spark. 

etoffe, n. /., stuff. 

etoile, n. /., star. 

etole, n. /., stole. 

etonner, v., to astonish. 

etouffer, v., to choke, to suffo- 
cate. 

etourdi, adj., thoughtless, giddy, 
dizzy, 

etrange, adj., strange. 



etranger, adj., strange, foreign, 
etrangler, v., to strangle. 
etre, v., to be. 
etre, n. m., being, creature. 
etrenne, n. /., New Year's gift, 
etrier, n. m., stirrup. 
etroit, adj., narrow, straight, 
etude, n.f., study. 
etudier, v., to study. 
eu, part., had. 
eux, pron., them, they. 
eveiller, v., to wake up. 
eventail, n. m., fan. 
evanouir (s'), v., to faint. 
eve que, n. m., bishop, 
eviter, v., to avoid, 
examen, n. m., examination, 
exiger, v., to demand, to exact, 
exil, n. m., exile. 
expliquer, v., to explain. 
expres, adv., on purpose. 
exquis, adj., exquisite, 
extrait, part., extracted. 



F. 



fabricant, n. m., manufacturer, 
fabrique, n. /., factory, manu- 
facture. 
fa9ade, n. /., front, 
fache, adj., angry, 
facher, v., to make angry. 
facher (se), v., to get angry. 
facheux, adj., vexatious, sad. 
facile, adj., easy. 
fa£on, n.f., fashion, manner. 
facteur, m m., postman, carrier, 
facture, n. f, bill, invoice. 
fagot, n. 7)i., faggot, bundle. 



faible, adj., feable, weak, 
faim, n. f, hunger, 
faineant, adj., idle. 
faire, v. , to do, to make, 
faisan, n. m., pheasant. 
falloir, v., to be necessary, must, 
fane, adj., faded. 
fantaisie, n. f, fancy. 
farouche, adj., shy. 
fat, n. m., foppish fellow. 
faubourg, n. m. , suburb, outskirt, 
faute, n. f, fault, mistake. 
faute de,prep., for want of. 



VOCABULARY. 



205 



fauteuil, n. m., armchair, 
faux, adj., false, 
fee, n. /., fairy. 
feindre, v., to feign, to pretend, 
feliciter, v., to congratulate, 
femme n. f., woman, wife, 
fendre, v., to split, 
fente, n. /., split, crack. 
fenetre, n. /., window, 
fer, n. m., iron, 
ferme, adj., firm, 
ferme, n. /., farm, 
fermer, v., to shut, to close, 
fermier, n. m. farmer. 
fete, n. /., feast, holiday, birth- 
day, 
feter, v., to celebrate. 
feu, n. m., fire. 
feuille, 71. /., leaf, sheet. 
feuillage, n. m., foliage. 
feve, n. /., bean, 
fevrier, n. m., February. 
fidele, adj.. faithful. 
fier, adj., proud, 
fier (se), v., to trust. 
fieret6, n. /., pride. 
fievre, n. /., fever. 
fil, n. m., thread. 
fille, n. f., girl, daughter, 
filou, n. m., sharper, swindler. 
fils, n. m., son. 
fin, adj., thin, fine. 
fin, n. /., end. 
finir, v., to end, to finish. 
fleche, n. /., arrow, 
flechir, v., to move, 
fl^trir, v., to wither. 
fleur, n. /., flower. 
fleurir, v., to blossom. 



fleuve, n. m., river, 
flot, n. m., wave, flood, 
flotte, n. /., fleet, 
foi, n. /., faith, 
fois, n. f., time. 
folie, n. f., folly. 
fonc£, ad/., dark, 
fond, 11. in. bottom. 
fonder, v., to found. 
fondre, v., to melt. 
fontaine, n. /., fountain, 
foret, n. /., forest. 
fosse, it. /., ditch. 
foss6, n. m., ditch. 
fossoyeur, n % in., gravedigger. 
fou, adj., foolish, mad. 
foudre, n. /., thunderbolt. 
fouet, 11. in., whip. 
foule, ii. f., crowd. 
fouler, v., to trample, to press, 
four, ii. m. owen. 
fourche, n. f. , pitchfork. 
fourchette, n. /., fork, 
fourmi, n. /., ant. 
fournir, v., to furnish, 
fourrure, n. /., fur. 
frais, adj., cool, fresh, 
frais, n. m. pi., expenses. 
fraise, n. /., strawberry. 
franc, adj. , frank, free. 
franchement, adv., frankly, 
franchir, v., to leap or pass over. 
frapper, v., to strike, to knock. 
fremir, v., to shiver, to shudder. 
frere, n. in., brother. 
fripon, n. in., knave, rascal. 
frise, adj., curly. 
frisson, n. in., chill, shiver, thrill. 
frissonner, v., to shiver. 



206 



VOCABULARY. 



froid, adj., cold, 
fromage, n. m., cheese. 
froncer, v., to contract, to frown, 
front, n. m., forehead, front. 
frontiere, n. /., frontier, border. 
frotter, v., to rub. 
fuir, v., to flee, to fly. 
fuite, n. /., flight, escape. 



fumee, n. /., smoke, 
fumer, v., to smoke. 
fumier, n. m., manure, 
funeste, adj., fatal, sad. 
furie, n. f. , flight, escape. 
fusil, n. m., gun. 
fusilier, v., to shot. 
fuyard, n. m,, runaway. 



gagner, v., to gain. 
gai, adj., merry, cheerful, 
gant, n. m., glove. 
gargon, n. m., boy, waiter, 
garde, n. /., guard, watch, care, 
garde, n. m., guard, watchman, 
garde r, v., to keep, to guard, 
garder (se), v., to beware, to 

take care not to... 
garni, part., furnished, trimmed, 
garnir, v., to furnish, to trim, 
gater, v., to spoil. 
gauche, adj., left. 
gaz, n. 7)i., gas. 
gaze, n. /., gauze. 
gazon, n. m. s sod, short grass. 
geant, n. m., giant, 
geler, v., to freeze, 
gemir, v., to groan, to moan. 
gendre, n. m., son-in-law. 
gener, v., to inconvenience, to 

be in the way. 
genou, n\ m., knee. 
genre, n. m. gender, kind, sort. 
gens, n 7n.pl., people. 
gentjl, adj., nice. 
gibier, n. m., game, 
glace, n. /., ice, looking-glass. 



glisser, v. s to slip, to slide, 
gloire, n.f., glory. 
gorge, n. /., throat. 
gout, 71. 7n., taste. 
gouter, v., to taste, 
goutte, 71. f., drop, gout. 
gouverner, v., to rule, to govern, 
grace, n. /., grace, favor. 
grand, adj., large, great, tall, 
grandeur, n. /., greatness, 
gras, adj. , fat. 
graver, v., to engrave, 
gravir, v., to climb, 
gravure, n. /., engraving, 
gre, w. 771., will. 
grelot, ?^. m„ bell, 
griffe, n. /., claw, 
grimper, v., to climb, 
gris, adj., gray. 
gronder, v., to scold. 
gros, adj., big, stout, large. 
grossier, adj., coarse, rough, 
guere, adv. , hardly, but little, 
guerir, v., to cure, to heal, 
guerre, 71. /., war. 
guerrier, adj., warlike. 
guetter, v., to watch. 
guichet, n. m. t wicket. 



VOCABULARY. 



207 



H. 



*h is 



habile, adj., clever, 
habiller, v., to dress. 
habit, n. m., coat. 
habits, n. m. pi., clothes. 
habiter, v., to inhabit. 
habitude, n. /., habit. 
habituer, v., to accustom. 
*haine, n, /., hatred. 
haleine, n.f., breath. 
*liardi, adj., bold, daring. 
*hasard, n. m., chance. 
*hate, n. /., haste. 
*hater, v., to hasten. 
*haut, adj., high, loud. 
*liaut, n. m., height, top., 
hautain, adj., haughty. 
hauteur, n.f., height. 
herbe, n. /., grass. 
heroique, adj., heroic. 



aspirate. 

h£ros, 11. m., hero, 
heure, n. /., hour, 
heureux, adj., happy. 
*liibou, n. m., owl. 
hier, adv., yesterday, 
hirondelle, n. /., swallow. 
histoire, n. /., history, story. 
hiver, n. in., Winter. 
horarae, n. m., man. 
honnete, adj., honest, civil. 
honorer, v., to honor. 
*honte, n. f., shame. 
*honteux, adj., ashamed, shame- 
ful. 
huile, n. f, oil. 
huitre, n, f, oyster. 
humide, adj., damp, 
humilier, v., to humble. 
*hutte, n.f., hut. 






ici, adv., here. 
idee, n. f., idea. 
ignorer, v., to be ignorant of. 
ile, n. /., island. 
impot, n. m., taxe. 
imprevu, adj., unforseen. 
imprimer, v., to print, to impress. 
imprudence, n. /., imprudence. 
incendie, n. m., fire. 
inconnu, adj., unknown. 
incroyable, adj., incredible. 
Inde, ii. f., India. 
indispose^ adj., indisposed. 
ingrat, adj., ungrateful. 



ingratitude, n. f., ungrateful- 
ness. 

injuste, adj., unjust. 

innocent, adj., innocent. 

inquiet, adj., uneasy, anxious. 

instituteur, 11. m., schoolmaster, 
founder. 

instruire, v., to instruct. 

instruit, adj., learned. 

interrompre, v., to interrupt. 

introduire, v., to introduce. 

inutile, adj., useless. 

Italie, n. f., Italy. 

italien, adj., Italian. 



208 



VOCABULARY. 



J- 



jaloux, adj., jealous, 
jamais, adv., never. 
jambe, n. f., leg. 
Janvier, n. m., January, 
jardin, n. m., garden. 
jardinier, n. m., gardener. 
jaune, adj., yellow. 
jeter, v., to throw. 
jeu, n. m., game, play. 
jeune, adj., young. 
jeunesse, n. /., youth. 
joie, n. /., joy, mirth. 
joindre, v., to join, to add. 
joli, adj., pretty. 
jouer, v., to play, to gamble. 



jouir, v., to enjoy. 

joujou, n. m., plaything, toy. 

jour, n. ??%., day. 

journal, n. m., journal. 

joyeux, adj., joyous. 

juge, n. m., judge. 

juger, v., to judge. 
1 juif, adj., Jewish. 
j juillet, n. m., July. 

juin, n. m., June. 

jus, n. m., juice. 

j usque, prep., up to, as far as, 
until. 

juste, adj., just. 

justice, n. /., justice. 



L. 



laborieux, adj., laborious. 

lac, 11. m., lake. 

laid, adj., ugly. 

laine, n. f., wool. 

laisser, v., to allow, to let. 

lait, n. m., milk. 

lampe, n. /., lamp. 

langue, n. f. , tongue, language. 

large, adj., wide, broad. 

largeur, n. /., width. 

las, adj., tired. 

laver, v., to wash. 

lecon, n. /., lesson. 

lecture, n. /., reading. 

leger, adj., light. 

legume, n. m, t vegetable. 

lendemain, n. m. t day after. 

lent, adj., slow. 

lever, v., to raise, to lift up. 



lever (se), v., to rise, to get up. 
lever, n. m., rising. 
levre, n. f., lip. 
liberalite, n. f., liberality. 
liberte, n. f. , liberty. 
libre, adj., free. 
lievre, n. m., hare, 
ligne, n. f. , line. 
lilas, n. m., lilac, 
lire, v., to read. 
lis, n. m., lily. 
lit, n. m., bed. 
livre, n. m., book. 
livre, n. /., pound. 
loi, n.f., law. 
loin, adv., far. 
Londres, n. m., London, 
longtemps, adv. y long, long 
while. 



VOCABULARY. 



209 



longueur, n. /., length, 
lorsque, conj., when, 
louer, v., to praise. 
louer, v., to let, to rent. 
loup, n. m., wolf, 
lourd, adj., heavy. 



lu, par/,, read. 
luire, v., to shine, 
lumiere, n. f., light. 
lune, n. /., moon. 
lunettes, n. f. pi., spectacles, 
luxe, n. in., luxury. 



M. 



magasin, n. m, store, 
magnifique, adj., magnificent. 
mai, n. m., May. 
main, n. /., hand, 
maint, adj., many a. 
maintenant, adv., now. 
mais, conj., but. 
maison, n. /., house, 
maitre, n. m., master, 
maitresse, n. /., mistress. 
majeur, adj., of age, greater. 
mal, n. m., evil, harm. 
mal, adv., badly, ill. 
malade, adj., sic>., ill. 
maladie, n. /., illness. 
maladroit, «$'., awkward. 
malgr6, prep., in spite of. 
malheur, ?i. m., misfortune. 
malheureux, adj., unhappy, 
malin, adj., mischievous, sly. 
manche, n. m., handle, 
manche, n. /., sleeve. 
manchette, n. /., cuff, 
manchon, n. m., muff, 
manger, v., to eat. 
maniere, n.f., manner, way. 
manquer, v., to fail, to miss; to 

be in want. 
manteau, n. m., cloak, 
marchand, n. m,, dealer. 



march6, n. m., market. 
marcher, v., to walk, to march. 
marguerite, n. /., daisy. 
mari, n. m., husband. 
mariage, n. m., marriage. 
marier, v., to marry, 
marier (se), v., to get married. 
mars, n. m., March, 
marteau, n. m., hammer, 
matin, n. m. y morning. 
mauvais, adj., bad. 
mSchant, adj., wicked, bad. 
m^content, adj., displeased. 
medecin, n. m., physician. 
mSdecine, n. /., medicine. 
m6dire, v., to speak ill. 
meilleur, adj., better. 
meler, v., to mixe. 
raeme, adj., same; self, 
meme, adv., even. 
menacer, v., to threaten. 
mener, v., to lead, to take. 
mensonge, n. m., untruth, lie. 
menteur, n. m., liar, 
mentir, v., to lie. 
mepriser, v., to despise. 
mer, n. /., sea. 
mere, n. /., mother. 
m6rite, n. m., merit. 
m^riter, v., to merit. 



210 



VOCABULARY. 



fflettre, v., to put, to put on. 
midi, n. m., noon. 
miel, n. m., honey. 
mieux, adv., better. 
mignon, adj., darling, favorite. 
milieu, n. in., middle, midst. 
mince, adj., slender, slight, 
mine, n. /., mine, ore. 
mine, n. /., mien, look, 
miroir, n. m., looking-glass. 
mis, part., put. 
mis, adj., dressed. 
mode, 11. f., fashion. 
moindre, adj., less, least. 
moins, adv., less. 
a moins de, or que, unless. 
mois, n. m., month. 
moitie, n. f., half, 
monde, n. m., world. 
monnaie, 11. f., small change, 

coin, 
montagne, n. /., mountain. 



monter, v., to go or come up. 
montre, n. /., watch, 
montrer, v., to show. 
moquer (se), v., to laugh at, to 

mock. 
moquerie, n. f , mockery. 
morceau, n. m., piece, bit. 
mordre, v., to bite. 
mort, 11. f., death, 
mort, part., dead, 
mot, n. m., word. 
mou, adj,, soft. 
mouche, n. f., fly. 
mouchoir, n. m., handkerchief, 
mouiller, v., to wet. 
mourir, v., to die. 
mouvoir, v., to move. 
moyen, n. m., means, 
muet, adj., mute, dumb, 
mur, n, m., wall. 
mur, adj., ripe, 
musique, n. /., music. 



N. 



nager, v., to swim. 
naissance, n. /., birth. 
naitre, v. , to be born. 
nature, n. /., nature. 
n6, part., born. 
negociant, n. in., merchant. 
neige, n. f., snow. 
neiger, v., to snow. 
neuf, adj., new. 
neveu, n. m., nephew. 
nez, ii. m., nose. 
nid, ii. m., nest. 
Sliece, n. f., niece, 
nier, v., to deny. 



noce, ii. f., wedding. 
Noel, ii. m., Christmas. 
noir, adj. , black. 
noix, ii. f., nut. 
nom, 11. m., name. 
nombre, n. m., number, 
nombreux, adj., numerous. 
nommer, v., to name, to call, 
nord, ii. m., north. 
nourrir, v., to nourish, to feed , 
nouveau, adj., new, recent. 
nouvelle, n. /., news. 
noyer, v. , to drown. 
nu adj., naked, bare. 



VOCABULARY. 



211 



nuage, n. m., cloud, 
nue, n. /., cloud. 
nu6e, n. f., cloud, 
nuire, v.. to wrong, to hurt. 



nuit, n.f., night. 
nul, adj., not any, no; null, 
nullement, adv., by no means. 
num^ro, n. m., number. 



obeir, v., to obey, 
obeissant, adj., obedient, 
obligeant, adj., obliging. 
obliger, v., to oblige, 
obscur, adj., obscure. 
obtenir, v., to obtain. 
occasion, n. f. , opportunity. 
odieux, adj., odious. 
ceil, n. m., eye. 
ceillet, n. m., pink, 
ceuf, n. m., egg. 
ceuvre, n. /., work. 
officier, n. m., officer. 
offre, n. /., offer. 
offrir, v., to offer. 
oiseau, n. m., bird. 
oisif, adj., idle. 
ombrage, n. m., shade. 
ombre, n. /., shade. 



ombrelle, n.f., parasol, 
oncle, n. m., uncle. 
or, 11. m., gold. 
or, conj. now. 
orage, n. m., storm. 
orange, n.f., orange. 
ordinaire, adj., ordinary. 
ordre, n. m., order, 
oreille, n. f., ear. 
os, n. m. t bone. 
oser, v., dare. 
oter, v., to take off. 
ou, conj., or. 
oii, adv., where. 
oublier, v., to forget 
ouest, n. m., west. 
ours, n. m., bear. 
ouvert, adj., open, frank. 
ouvrir, v., to open. 



P. 



paien, n. m., pagan. 
pain, n. m., bread. 
paire, n.f., pair. 
paisible, adj., peaceful. 
paix, n.f., peace. 
palais, ii. m., palace. 
papier, n. m., paper, 
papillon, n. m., butterfly, 
paquet, n. m., parcel, 
par, prep., by, 



paraitre, v., to appear. 
parapluie, n. m., umbrella. 
parce que, conj., because. 
pardessus, n. m., overcoat. 
pareil, adj., alike. 
parent, n. in., relative. 
parents, n. m. pi., parents, rela- 
tions. 
paresse, n. f., laziness. 
paresseux, adj., lazy, 



212 



VOCABULARY. 



parfait, adj., perfect. 
parisien, adj., Parisian. 
parler, v., to speak. 
part, n. /., part, share. 
partager, v., to share. 
parti, n. m., party, side, resolu- 
tion. 
partie, n. /., party, game. 
partir, v., to depart, to leave. 
partout, adv., everywhere. 
parure, n. f., finery, ornament. 
pas, n. m., step, pace. 
patiner, v., to skate. 
patrie, n. f., fatherland. 
patriotique, adj., patriotic. 
patron, n. m., master. 
patte, n. /., paw. 
pauvre, adj., poor, 
payer, v., to pay. 
pays, n. m., country. 
paysan, n. m., peasant. 
peau, n. f., skin. 
peche, n. /., peach; fishing. 
pecher, n. m., peach-tree. 
pecher, v., to fish. 
pecher, v., to sin. 
peigne, n. m., comb. 
peindre, v., to paint. 
peine, n. f., pain, trouble. 
peine (a), hardly, scarcely. 
peintre, n. m., painter. 
pendant, prep., during. 
pendre, v., to hang. 
pendule, n. f., clock. 
penetrer, v., to penetrate. 
pensee, n. /., pansy. 
pens6e, n. f., thought. 
penser, v., to think. 
percevoir, v., to collect. 



perdre, v., to lose. 

perdrix, n. /., partridge. 

penr, v., to perish. 

perle, n. /., pearl. 

permettre, v., to permit, to allow. 

permis, part., allowed, per- 
mitted. 

personne, 11. f., person. 

personne, pron., nobody, not 
anybody. 

petit, adj., small, little. 

peu, adv., little. 

peuple, n. m., people. 

peur, n. /., fear. 

peut-etre, adv., perhaps. 

photographe, n. m., photogra- 
pher. 

photographie, n.f., photograph. 

piano, n, m., piano. 

pied, n. m., foot. 

pierre, n. /., stone. 

pieux, adj., pious. 

pilule, n. f., pill. 

pion, n. m., pawn (chess); man 
(drafts) . 

piquer, v., to prick, to sting. 

pire, adj., worse. 

plaindre, v., to pity. 

plaindre (se), v., to complain. 

plaine, n. f., plain, field. 

plaire, v., to please. 

plein, adj., full. 

pleurer, v., to weep, to cry. 

pleuvoir, v., to rain. 

pluie, n. /., rain. 

plume, n. /., pen, feather, 

plupart, n. f., most part. 

plusieurs, adj., several. 

plutot. adv., rather. 



VOCABULARY. 



213 



poche, n. /., pocket. 
poeme, n. m., poem. 
po6tique, adj., poetical. 
point, adv., not, not any. 
point, n. vi. , dot, point; mark. 
pointe, n. /., point. 
poire, 11, f., pear. 
pois, 11. m., pea. 
poisson, n. in., fish, 
polaire, adj. t polar. 
poli, adj., polite. 
politesse, 11. /., politeness. 
pomme, n. /., apple. 
poney, n. m., pony. 
pont, ft. m., bridge. 
port, 11. m., port, harbor. 
porte, n,f., door, gale. 
porte-monnaie, n. m. pocket- 
book. 
porter, v., to carry, to wear. 
possSder, v., to possess. 
pouce, ii. m., thumb; inch. 
poule, n. /., hen. 
poulet, n. in., chicken. 
poup6e, 11. /., doll. 
pour, prep., for. 
pourboire, n. rti., tip. 
pourquoi, adv., why. 
poursuivre, v., to pursue. 
pourvoir, v., to provide. 
pourvu que, conj., provided that. 
pousser, v., to push, to drive. 
poussiere, 11. /., dust. 
pouvoir, n. m., power. 
pouvoir, v., to be able, can. 
pratiquer, v., to practise. 
pr£, n. m., meadow. 
pr£cepte, n. m., precept. 
predire, v., to predict, to foretell. 



pre76rer, v., to prefer, 
premier, adj., first. 
prendre, v , to take. 
pres, prep., near. 
presque, adv., nearly. 
press6, adj., in a hurry, pressed. 
presser, v., to press, to hurry. 
pret, adj., ready. 
prStendre, v., to pretend, 
preter, v., to lend. 
pr£venir, v., to warn, to inform. 
preVoir, v., to foresee. 
prier, v. , to pray, to beg. 
priere, n. /., prayer, request. 
princesse, n. /., princess. 
princier, adj., princely, 
printemps, 11. m., spring-time. 
prix, 11. m., price, prize. 
probleme, 11. m., problem. 
prochain, adj., next. 

produire, v. , to produce. 

profiter, v., to profit. 

promenade, 11. /., walk, pro- 
menade. 

promener (se), v., to take a walk. 

promesse, n. /., promise. 

promettre, v., to promise. 

prononcer, v. , to pronounce. 

proposer, v., to propose. 

propre, adj., own. 

proprietaire, n. m., owner. 

proteger, v., to protect. 

prune, n. /., plum, prune. 

public, adj., public. 

puis, adv., then. 

puisque, conj., since. 

punir, v., to punish. 

pupitre, ii. m. t desk. 

pur, adj., pure. 



214 



VOCABULARY. 



quand, adv., when, 
quant a, prep., as to, as for. 
quart, n. m., quarter, fourth. 
quelconque, adj., whatever. 
quelque, adj., some, whatever. 
quelque, adv., however. 
quelquefois, adv., sometimes. 



quelqu'un, pron., some one. 
quelques-uns, pron., some, 

few. 
quereller, v., to quarel. 
quiconque, pron., whoever. 
quitter, v., to leave. 
quoique, conj., although. 



R. 



racheter, v., to redeem, to buy- 
again. 

raconter, v. , to relate. 

rafraichir, v., to refresh, to cool. 

raisin, n. m., grapes. 

raison, n. /., reason. 

ramener, v. , to bring back. 

rapidement, adv., rapidly. 

rappeler, v., to call back. 

rappeler (se), v., to recollect, to 
remember. 

rapporter, v., to bring back. 

rare, adj., rare. 

rarement, adv., rarely. 

ravi, adj., delighted. 

rayon, n. m., ray. 

recevoir, v., to receive. 

recompense, n. f., reward. 

recompense^ v., to reward. 

reconnaissance, n.f., gratitude. 

reconnaissant, adj., grateful. 

reconnaitre, v., to recognize, to 
know again. 

re9u, part., received. 

redevoir, v., to owe still. 

require, v., to reduce. 

reel, adj., real. 



refaire, v., to do or to make 

again. 
r£fl£chir, v., to reflect. 
refuser, v., to refuse. 
regard, n. m., look. 
regarder, v. , to look, to look at. 
regie, n. /., rule, ruler. 
r6gner, v., to rule, 
regretter, v., to regret. 
regulier, adj., regular. 
reine, n. /., queen. 
rejeter, v., to throw back or 

away. 
rejoindre, v. t to join again, to 

reach. 
rejouir, v., to rejoice. 
rejouir (se), v., to rejoice. 
relever, v., to raise. 
relire, v., to read over again. 
reluire, v., to shine. 
remercier, v., to thank, 
remettre, v., to put back, 
remplir, v. to fill, to fulfil. 
renard, n. m., fox. 
rencontre, n.f., meeting. 
rencontre (a la), to meet. 
rencontrer, v., to meet, 



VOCABULARY. 



215 



rendre, v„ to give back; to ren- 
der, to surrender. 

renoncer, v., to renounce. 

renouveler, v., to renew. 

rentrer, v., to return. 

rgpandre, v., to spill. 

r£pondre, v., to answer. 

r6ponse, ft. /., answer. 

reposer (se), v., to rest. 

reprendre, v., to take a< in. 

rgsolu, part., resolved. 

r£soudre, v., to resolve. 

respect, n. m., respect. 

respecter, v., to respect. 

respectueux, adj., respectful. 

ressemblant, adj., resembling, 
alike. 

ressort, n. m., spring. 

reste, n. m., rest, remains. 

rester, v., to remain, to stay. 

retard, ft. m. f delay. 

retenir, v., to keep back, to re- 
tain. 

retirer, v.. to draw back, to 
withdraw. 

retour, ft. m., return. 

reunir, v., to reunite. 

rgussir, v., to succeed. 

reve, ft. m., dream. 



reveil, n. m., awaking. 

re>eiller, v., to wake up. 

revenir, v., to come back. 

revenu, n. m., income. 

rever, v., to dream. 

revoir, v., to see again. 

ri, part., laughed. 

riche, adj., rich. 

richesse, n.f., richess, wealth. 

rien, n. m., nothing. 

rire, v., to laugh. 

rivage, ft. m, shore, bank. 

rive, ft. f., shore, bank. 

riviere, n. f. , river. 

robe, ft. /., dress. 

roc, ft. m., rock. 

rocher, n. m., rock. 

roi, ft. m., king. 

roman, ft. m., novel. 

romance, n. /., song, ballad. 

rompre, v., to break. 

rond, adj., round. 

roue, n.f., wheel. 

rouge, adj., red. 

rougir, v., to blush. 

route, ft. /., road. 

ruban, ft. m., ribbon. 

rubis, ft. m., ruby. 

rue, ft. /., street. 






S. 



sabre, ft. m., sword. 
sage, adj., wise, good. 
sain, adj., healthy. 
saisir, v., to seize. 
saison, n. f., season. 
sale, adj., dirty. 
salir, v., to soil. 



salle, n.f., hall, room. 
salon, ft. m., parlor, drawing- 
room. 
sang, ft. m., blood, 
sans, prep., without. 
santg, ft. /., health. 
saphir, ft. m. t sapphire. 



216 



VOCABULARY. 



satisfaire, v., to satisfy, 
sauter, v. , to jump, 
sauvage, adj., savage. 
sauver, v., to save, 
sauver (se), v., to run away, to 

save one's self. 
savant, adj. learned. 
savoir, v., to know. 
savon, n. m., soap. 
sec, adj., dry. 
secher, v., to dry. 
secourir, v. , to succor, to help. 
secret, adj., secret, 
secretaire, n. m., writing-desk; 

secretary. 
seduire, v., to reduce. 
Seine (la), Seine. 
sel, n. m., salt. 
selle, n. /., saddle. 
selon, prep., according to. 
semaine, n. f., week. 
sembler, v., to seem, to appear. 
sens, n. m., sense. 
sentir, v., to feel, to smell. 
separer, v., to separate. 
serieux, adj., serious. 
serin, n. m., canary-bird, 
serviette, n. /., napkin, 
servir, v., to serve. 
servir (se), v., to help one's self; 

to use. 
seul, adj., alone, 
seulement, adv., only. 
si, adv., so; yes, 
si, conj., if. 
siecle, n. m., century. 
siffler, v. , to whistle. 
singe, n. m., monkey. 
sceur, n. f. , sister. 



soie, n. /., silk. 
soigneusement, adv., carefully. 
soin, n. m., care. 
soir, n. m., evening. 
soiree, n. f., evening. 
soit, interj., be it so. 
soit que, conj., whether, or. 
soldat, n. m. , soldier. 
soleil, n. m., sun. 
sombre, adj., dark, 
sommeil, n. m., sleep. 
songer, v., to dream, to think. 
sonner, v., to ring. 
sonnette, n. f. , bell, 
sort, n. m., fate. 
sorte, n. /., sort, manner, 
sortir, v., to go out. 
sot, adj., silly. 
sou, n. m., cent, penny, 
souffrir, v., to suffer. 
souhaiter, v., to wish, 
soulager, v., to relieve. 
soulever, v., to lift, to raise. 
Soulier, n. m., shoe. 
soupe, n. /., soup. 
source, n. /., spring, source. 
sourd, adj., deaf. 
sourire, n. m., smile. 
sourire, v., to smile. 
souris, n. /., mouse. 
sous, prep., under. 
soutenir, v., to sustain, to sup- 
port, 
souvenir (se), v., to remember. 
souvent, adv., often. 
su, part., known. ' 
sucre, n. m., sugar. 
sud, n. m., south, 
suffire, v., to suffice. 



VOCABULARY. 



217 



Suisse (la), n. /., Switzerland. 
Suisse, adj., Swiss. 
suite, n.f.f sequel, result; atten- 
dants, 
suite (tout de), at once, 
suivant, adj., following, next, 
suivre, v., to follow. 
sujet, adj., subject. 



supSrieur, adj., superior, 
supplier, v., to entreat, to sup- 
plicate, 
sur, prep., on, upon. 
sur, adj., sour, 
sur, adj., sure, 
surprendre, v., to surprise. 
surtout, adv., above all. 



tableau, n. to., picture. 

tache, n. f., spot. 

tache, n. f., task. 

tacher, v., to spot, to soil. 

tacher, v., to endeavor, to try. 

taire (se), v., to be silent. 

tant, adv., so much, so many. 

tante, n. /., aunt. 

tantot, adv., by and by, presently. 

tapis, 11. m., carpet. 

tard, adv., late. 

tartine, n, /., slice of bread and 

butter. 
tas, n. to., heap, 
tasse, n. /., cup. 
teindre, v., to dye. 
temoin, 11. to., witness. 
temps, n. to., time, weather. 
tendre, adj., tender. 
tendre, v., to stretch. 
tenir, v., to hold. 
tenter, v., to attempt, to tempt. 
terre, n. /., earth. 
testament, n. m., will. 
testateur, n. to., testator. 
tete, n. /., head. 
th6, n. to., tea. 
theatre, n. to., theater. 



tigre, n. to., tiger. 

timbre, n. to., stamp. 

tirer, v., to draw, to pull, to take 

off; to shout; to fire, 
tisser, v., to weave. 
toile, 11. /., iinen. 
toit, n. m., roof. 
tomber, v., to fall. 
tonner, v., to thunder. 
tonnerre, n. in., thunder. 
topaze, 11. /., topaz. 
tordre, v., to twist. 
tort, ii. in., wrong. 
toucher, v., to touch. 
toujours, adv., always. 
tour, 11. f., tower. 
tour, ii. to., turn, trick. 
traiter, v., to treat. 
traduire, v., to translate, 
tranquille, adj., quiet, tranquil, 
travail, ii. to., work, 
travailler, v., to work. 
trembler, v., to tremble. 
tresor, n. to., treasure. 
triste, adj., sad. 
tromper, v., to deceive. 
tromper (se), v., to be mistaken. 
trone, ii. in., throne, 



218 



VOCABULARY. 



trop, adv., too much, too many, 
trou, n. m., hole. 
troupe, n.f., troop; band. 
troupeau, n. m., herd, flock. 



uni, adj., united; even, 
unir, v., to unite. 



trouver, v., to find. 

tuer, ., to kill. 

turc, adj., Turkish. 

tutoyer, v., to say thou and thee. 



U. 



user, v., to wear out. 
utile, adj„ useful. 



V. 



vacances, n. f. pi., holidays, 
vache, n. /., cow. 
vainer e, v., to vanquish, to con- 
quer. 
valoir, v., to be worth, 
vanter, v., to boast. 
veau, n. m., veal, calf, 
veille, n.f., eve; waking. 
veiller, v., to watch. 
velours, n. m. t velvet. 
vendre, v., to sell. 
venger, v., to avenge, 
venir, v., to come, 
vent, n. m., wind, 
ver, n. m., worm, 
verite, n. /., truth, 
vermeil, adj., vermilion, 
verre, n. m., glass. 
vers, n. m., verse. 
vers, prep., towards. 
verser, v., to pour; to 
vert, adj., green, 
vertu, n. f., virtue. 
vertueux, adj. y virtuous, 
vetir, v., to cloth. 
veuf, n. m., widower. 
veuve, n. f., widow. 



veuillez, be so kind as to. 

viande, n. f., meat. 

victoire, n. f., victory. 

victorieux, adj., victorious. 

vide, adj., empty, void. 

vider, v. , to empty. 

vie, n. f. life. 

vieillesse, n. f., old age. 

vieux, adj., old. 

vif, adj., lively; alive. 

vigne, n. /., vine. 

vilain, adj., ugly; bad. 

vil, adj., vile, base. 

ville, n. /., town, city. 

vin, n. m., wine, 

violet, adj., violet. 

violette, n.f., violet. 

violon, n. m. t violin. 

vite, adj. adv., quick, quickly. 

vivre, v., to live. 

voici, prep., here is, here are. 

voila, prep., there is, there are. 

voile, n. m., veil. 

voile, n. /., sail. 

voilette, n. /., veil. 

voir, v., to see. 

voisin, n. m., neighbor. 



VOCABULARY. 



219 






voiture, n. f. t carriage, vehicle. 
voix, n. f , voice. 
voler, v., to fly, to steal. 
voleur, n. m., thief. 
volont6, n. /., will. 
volontairement, adv., volun- 
tarily. 
volontiers, adj., willingly. 



voudrais (je), I would like. 
vouloir, v., to be willing. 
voyage, 11. m., voyage, journey, 
voyager, v., to voyage, to travel. 
vrai, adj., true, 
vraiment, adv., truly. 
vraisemblable, adj., likely, 
vue, n. f., sight, view. 



yeuse, n.f., evergreen, holm oak. | yeux, n. m. t (pi. of ceil), eyes. 

Z. 



zele, ii. m., zeal. 

z€\€, adj., zealous. 

zephyr or zSphire, n. m., zephyr. 



z6ro, n. m., naught, cypher, 
zinc, 11. m., zinc. 
zoologique, adj., zoological. 



French- English. 



Abbreviations. 




adj. =adjective 


part. 


^participle 


art. =article 


pi. 


=plural 


adv. =advcrb 


prep. 


=preposition 


con j.=con junction 


pron. 


=pronoun 


f. =feminine 


sing. 


=singular 


m. =masculine 


v. 


=verb 



n. 



o.'s self=one's self. 



A. 



abandon, v., abandonner. 

ability, n., habilete, /., capa- 
city /. 

able, adj., capable (de). 

about, prep, adv., (nearly) envi- 
ron, a peu pres; (near to) pres 
de ; (concerning) sur, au sujet. 

above, prep., au-dessus de. 

above all, surtout. 

abridge, v., abreger. 

abroad, adv., a l'etranger. 

absence, n., absence, /. 

absent, adj., absent. 

absolve, v., absoudre. 

abundance, n., abondance, /. 

abuse, v., abuser. 

abyss, n., abime, m. 

accept, v., accepter. 

accident, n,, accident, m. 

accompany, v., accompagner. 

accomplish, v., accomplir. 

according to, prep., selon. 

account, n., compte, m. 



accuse, v., accuser. 

ache, n., mal, m. 

acquainted with (to be), v., con- 

naitre. 
acquire, v., acquerir. 
act, v., agir. 
actor, n., acteur, m. 
action, n. action, /. 
active, adj., act'if. 
add, v., ajouter. 
admirable, adj., admirable, 
admiration, n., admiration, /. 
admire, v., admirer, 
admit, v., admettre. 
adore, v., adorer. 
adoration, n., adoration, /. 
adorn, v., orner, parer. 
advance, n., avance, /. 
advance, v., avancer. 
advantage, »., avantage, m. 
adventurer, n., aventurier, m. 
advice, n., avis, m., conseil, m. 
affair, n., affair, /. 



222 



VOCABULARY. 



affirm, v., affirmer. 
afflict, v., affliger. 
affliction, n., affliction, /. 
afraid, adj., effraye. 
after, adv. prep., apres. 
afternoon, n., apres-midi, m. 
afterwards, adv., apres. 
again, adv., de nouveau, encore, 
against, prep., centre. 
age, n., age, m. 
aged, adj., age. 
ago, adv., il y a. 
agree, v., s'accorder. 
agreeable, adj., agreable. 
agriculture, n., agriculture, /. 
aid, n., aide. /., assistance, f. 
aid, v., aider. 
air, n., air, m. 
album, n., album, m. 
alike, adj., semblable, pareil. 
all, adj., tout, 
allied, adj., allie. 
allow, v., permettre. 
almond, n. , amande, /. 
almost, adv., presque. 
alms, n., aumone, /. 
alone, adj., seul. 
aloud, adj., a haute voix. 
already, adv., deja. 
also, adv., aussi. 
although, conj., quoique. 
always, adv., toujours. 
ambition, n., ambition, /. 
ambitious, adj., ambitieux. 
America, n., l'Amerique, /. 
American, adj., americain. 
amiable, adj., aimable. 
amical, adj., amical. 
amid, prep., au milieu de. 



among, prep., parmi. 
amuse, v., amuser. 
amusing, adj., amusant, 
ancestor, n., ancetre, a'ieul, m. 
ancient, adj., ancien. 
angel, n., ange, m. 
anger, n. . colere, /. 
angry, adj., fache, en colere; to 

be angry, etre fache; to get 

angry, se facher; to make 

angry, facher. 
animal, n., animal, m. 
animate, v., animer. 
announce, v., annoncer. 
annoy, v., ennuyer. 
annoying, adj., ennuyant, en- 

nuyeux. 
another, adj., un autre. 
answer, v., repondre. 
answer, n., reponse, /. 
anxious, adj., inquiet. 
appear, v., paraitre, apparaitre. 
appearance, n. t apparence, /. 
appetite, n., appetit, m. 
applaud, v., applaudir. 
applause, n., applaudissements, 

m. pi. 
apple, n., pomme, /. 
application, n., application, /. 
apply, v., appliquer; (to speak 

to), s'adresser. 
approach, n., approche, /. 
approach, v., approcher, s'ap- 

procher. 
approve, v., approuver. 
April, n., avril, m. 
ardent, adj., ardent, 
arise, v., elever, s'elever. 
arm, n. t bras, m. ; arme, /. 



VOCABULARY. 



223 



arm, v., armer. 

army, n., armee, /. 

around, adv. autour; prep., au- 

tour do. 
arrange, v., arranger, 
arrest, v., arreter. 
arrive, v., arriver. 
arrow, n. , fleche, /. 
art, n. y art, m. 
article, ».-, article, m. 
artist, n., artiste. 
artistic, adj., artistique. 
as, conj., comme; as.. .as, aussi 

que ; as much as, autant que ; 

such as, tel que; as to, as 

for, quant a. 
ashes, n., cendres, f. pi. 
ashamed, adj., honteux. 
ask, v., demander. 
asleep, adj., endormi; to fall 

asleep, s'endormir. 
ass, n., ane, m. 
assail, v., assaillir. 
assemble, v., assembler. 
assembly, n. , assemblee, /. 
associate, v., s'associer. 
assist, v., assister. 



assistance, n., assistance, /. 
assure, v., assurer, 
assurance, n. , assurance, /. 
astonish, v., etonner. 
astonish\r.ient,?i.,etonnement,m. 
attach, v., attacher, 
attack, n., attaque,/. 
attack, v., attaquer. 
attempt, v., tenter, essayer. 
attention, n., attention,/, 
attentive, adj. , attentif. 
attract, v. , attirer. 
attractive, adj., attrayant. 
audacious, adj., audacieux. 
audacity, n., audace, /. 
August, n., aout. m. 
aunt, n., tante, /. 
author, n., auteur, m. 
authority, n:, autorite, /. 
autumn, n., automne, m. 
avaricious, adj., avare. 
avenge, v., venger. 
avoid, v., eviter. 
avow, v., avouer. 
awake, v., eveiller. 
away, adv., loin, absent, 
awful, adj., terrible. 



B. 



baby, n., bebe, m. 

back, n., dos, m. 

back, adv., en arriere, de retour, 

bad, adj. , mauvais, mechant. 

badly, adv., mal. 

balcony, n., balcon, m. 

ball, n., {plaything) balle, /., 
ballon, m.;(cannon) boulet, m., 
(pistol, gun) balle, /.; (Ml- 



lards) bille, /. ; (dancing) 

bal, m. 
ballad, n., romance, /. 
bank, n., banque, /.; (shore) 

bord, m. 
banker, n., banquier, m. 
baptism, n., bapteme, m. 
baptize, v., baptiser. 
barbarous, adj., barbare. 



224 



VOCABULARY. 



bare, adj., nu. 

bargain, n., marche, m. 

bark, v., aboyer. 

basket, n. ,panier,m. : corbeille,/. 

bath, n., bain, m. 

bathe, v., baigner. 

battle, n., bataille, /. 

bear, n., ours, m. ; ourse, /. 

bear, v., porter, supporter. 

beard, n., barbe, /. 

beat, v., battre. 

beautiful, adj., beau. 

beauty, n., beaute, /. 

because, conj., parce que. 

become, v., devenir. 

bed, n., lit, m. 

bee, n. , abeille, /. 
beef, n., boeuf, m. 
beer, n., biere, /. 

before, adv. prep., {time, order) 

sw&nt; (place) devant. 
before, conj., {with a verb) avant 

que, avant de. 
beg, v., prier, demander, men- 

dier. 
beggar, n., mendiant, m. 
begin, v., commencer. 
beginning, n., commencement, m. 
behave, v., se conduire. 
behavior, n., conduite,/. 
behead, v., decapiter. 
behind, adv., derriere. 
belief, n., croyance, /. 
believe, v., croire. 
bell, n., sonne tte, /. 
belong, v., appartenir, etre a. 
below, adv., en bas. 
bench, n. , banc, m. 
benefactor, n., bienfaiteur, m. 



benefit, n., bienfait, m. 

beside, adv., d'ailleurs, en outre. 

besiege, v., assieger. 

best, adj., le meilleur. 

best, adv., le mieux. 

bet, n., pari, m. 

bet, v., parier. 

betray, v., trahlr. 

better, adj., meilleur, 

better, adv., mieux. 

between, prep., entre. 

big, adj., gros, grand. 

bill, n., compte, m.\ note,/. 

bind, v., lier. 

bird, n., oiseau, m. 

birth, n., naissance, /. 

bishop, n., eveque, m, 

bite, v., mordre. 

bitter, adj., amer. 

black, adj., noir. 

blame, v., blamer. 

bless, v., benir. 

blessing, n., benediction, /. 

blind, adj., aveugle. 

blood, n., sang, m. 

bloody, adj., sanglant. 

bloom, v., fleurir. 

blow, n., coup, m. 

blue, adj., bleu. 

blush, v., rougir. 

board, n., planche, /. 

boast, v., vanter, se vanter. 

boot, n., bateau, m, 

body, n., corps, m. 

boil, v., bouillir. 

bold, adj., hardi. 

bone, n. f os, m. 

book, n., livre, m. 

bookseller, n<, libraire, m. 



VOCABULARY. 



225 






boot, n., bottc, /. ; bottine, /. 

bootmaker, »,, botticr, m. 

border, n., bard, m,;frontiere,/. 

born, part., no; to be born, nai- 
tre; I was born, je suis ne. 

borrow, v., emprunter. 

both, adj., tous les deux, Fun et 
l'autre. 

bottle, n. y bouteille,/. 

bottom, n., fond, m. 

boulevard, n., boulevard, m. 

bouquet, n. y bouquet, m. 

box, n., boite, /. 

boy, n., garcon, m. 

bracelet, n., bracelet, m. 

brass, n., cuivre, m. 

bread, n., pain, m. 

break, v., casser, briser. 

break out, v., eclater. 

breakfast, n., dejeuner, m. 

breath, n., haleine, /., respira- 
tion, /. 

breathe, v., respirer. 

brick, n., brique, /. 

bride, n. , fiancee, inariee, /. 

bridge, n. f pont, m. 

bridle, n., bride, /. 

brief, adj., bref. 

bright, adj., clair, brillant. 

brilliant, adj., brillant. 



bring, v., apporter, amener. 
bring back, v., rapporter, ra- 

mener. 
broad, adj., large, 
brooch, n % , broche, /. 
brook, n.y ruisseau, m. 
broom, n., balai, m. 
brother, n., frere, m. 
brown, adj., brun. 
brush, n. y brosse, /. 
brush, v.y brosser. 
bud, n. y bouton, m. 
build, v. t batir. 
bullet, n.y balle, /. 
bunch, n. , bouquet, m. ; grappe, /. 
bundle, n.y trousseau, paquet, m. 
burden, n., fardeau, m. ; charge,/, 
burn, v., bruler. 
burst, v., eclater. 
bury, v., enterrer. 
business, n.y affaire, /. 
busy, adj., occupe. 
but, conj., mais. 
butter, n., beurre, m. 
butterfly, n.y papillon, m. 
button, 7i., bouton, m. 
buy, v., acheter. 
by, pi-ep., par. 
by and by, adv., tout a l'heure, 

tantot. 



cab, n t , fiacre, m. ; voiture, /. 
cabin, 7i. , cabane, /. 
cage, n., cage,/, 
cake, n., gateau, m, 
calf, n.y veau, m. 
call, v., appeler. 



calm, adj., calme. 
calm, v., calmer, 
canal, n., canal, m. 
canary-bird, n., serin, % 
candle, n., chandelle, /. 
cane, »., canne, /. 



226 



VOCABULARY. 



cannon, n., canon, m. 
canon, n., chanoine, m. 
canopy, n.. dais, m. ; {of bed) 

baldaquin, m. 
capable, adj., capable, 
capital, n., (town) capitale, /. 
capital, n., (money) capital, m. 
captain, n., capitaine, m. 
card, n., carte, /. 
care, n., soin, m. 
careful, adj., soigneux. 
careless, adj., negligent. 
caress, n., caresse, /. 
caress, v., caresser. 
carpet, n., tapis, m. 
carriage, n. t voiture, /. 
carry, v., porter. 
case, n.,cas. m. ; (box) caisse,/. ; 

(law) cause,/. ; (needles) etui, m. 
cash, n., argent, m. ; argent 

coraptant. 
cashier, n., caissier, m. ; cais- 

siere, /. 
casket, n., ecrin, m.; cassette, f. 
castle, n., chateau, m. 
cat, n., chat, m. 
cattle, n., betail, m. 
cause, n., cause, /. 
cause, v. , causer. 
cease, v., cesser. 
celebrated, adj., celebre. 
cellar, n., cave, /. 
cemetry, n., cimetiere, m. 
cent, n., sou, m. 
century, n., siecle, m. 
certain, adj., certain, 
certainly, adv., certainement. 
chain, n., chaine, /. 
chair, n. , chaise, /. 



chalk, n. , craie, /. 
challenge, n. , den, m. 
challenge, v., defier, provoquer 

(en duel), 
chamber, n., chambre, /. 
chance, n., chance, /. 
change, n., changement, m.; 

monnaie, /. 
change, v., changer. 
character, n., character, m. 
charge, n., charge,/.; pnx, m. 
charge, v., charger. 
charitable, adj., charitable. 
charity, n., charite, /. 
charm, v., charmer, 
charm, n., charme, m. 
charming, adj., charmant. 
chase, n., chasse, /. 
cheap, adj., bon marche. 
cheat, v., tromper, tricher. 
cheek, n. , joue, /. 
cheerful, adj., gai, joyeux. 
cheese, n., fromage, m. 
cherish, v., cherir. 
cherry, n., cerise, /. 
chicken, n., poulet, m. 
chief, n., chef, m. 
child, n., enfant, m. 
chimney, »., cheminee, /. 
chisel, n., ciseau, m. 
choice, n., choix, m. 
choose, v. , choisir. 
Christian, n., chretien, m. ; chr&- 

tienne, /. 
Christmas, n., Noel, m, 
church, n., eglise, /. 
cigar, n., cigare, m, 
city, n., ville, /. 
civil, adj., civil. 



VOCABULARY. 



227 



claim, v., reclamer, pretcndre. 

class, 11. , classc, /. 

clay, u., argile, /. 

clean, adj. y propre. 

clean, v., nettoyer. 

clear, adj., clair. 

clergy, n., clerge, m. 

clergyman, n., pretre. ministre, 
pasteur, in. 

clever, adj., habile. 

climate, n. t climat, m. 

climb, v., monter, grimper. 

cloak, 11., manteau, m. 

clock, n., pendule, horloge/. 

close, v., fermer. 

cloth, n., drap, m. 

clothe, v., vetir. 

clothes, ii., habits, m. pi. 

cloud, ?i.,.nuage, in. 

coast, n., cote, /. 

coal, n., charbon, m. 

coat, ii., habit, m. 

coffee, 11., cafe, m. 

cold, adj., froid; he is cold, il a 
froid; to catch cold, s'enrhu- 
mer, attraper un rhume; it is 
cold, il fait froid. 

collar, ii., col, m.\ (animals) 
collier, m. 

color, ii., couleur, /. 

color, v., colorier. 

come, v., venir; come back, re- 
yenir; come up, monter; come 
down, descendre ; come in, en- 
trer; come out, sortir; come 
near, s'approcher; come for, 
venir pour, venir chercher. 

comb, ii., peigne, m. ; demeloir,m. 

comb, v., peigner. 



comedy, »., comedie, /. 
comfort, n., confort, m. 
comfortable, adj., confortable. 
comic, adj., comi(jiie. 
command, v., commander. 
commence, v., commencer. 
commerce, »., commerce m. 
commit, v. , commettre. 
companion, n., companion, m. 
company, n., compagnie, /. 
compare, v., comparer. 
comparison, n., comparaison, /. 
complain, v., se plaindre. 
complaint, n., plainte, /. 
complete, adj., complet. 
comrade, n., camarade, m. 
conceal, v., cacher. 
conceive, v., concevoir. 
concert, n., concert, m. 
condemn, v., condamner. 
condition, n., condition, /. 
conduct, ii. , conduite, /. 
conduct, v., conduire. 
confess, v., confesser. 
confidence. 11., confiance, /. 
confound, v., confondre. 
confuse, v., meler, embrouiller. 
confused, adj., confus. 
congratulate, v., feliciter. 
conquer, v., conquerir, vaincre. 
conqueror, n., vainqueur, m. 
consent, v., consentir. 
consent, n., consentement, m. 
consequence, 11., consequence, /. 
consider, v., considerer. 
conspire, v., conspirer. 
console, v., consoler. 
construct, v., construire. 
consult, v., consulter. 



VOCABULARY. 



contain, v., contenir. 
contempt, n., mepris, m. 
contempt, v., mepriser. 
content, adj., content. 
content, v., contenter. 
continually, adv., continuelle- 

ment. 
continue, v., continuer. 
contradict, v., contredire. 
contrary, adj., contraire. 
convenient, adj., commode, con- 

venable. 
convent, n . couvent, m. 
conversation, n. , conversation,/. 
convert, v., convertir. 
convince, v., convaincre. 
cook, 11., cuisinicr, m.; cuisi- 

niere, /. 
cook, v., cuire, faire cuire. 
cool, adj., frais. 
copper, n., cuivre, m. 
copy, n., copie, /. 
copy, v., copier, 
copy-book, n., cahier, m. 
cord, n. y corde/. 
cork, 11., bouehon, m. 
corn, n., ble, m. 
corner, n., coin. m. 
corporal, n., caporal, m. 
correct, v., corriger. 
corrupt, v., corrompre. 
cost, ii., prix, m. 
cost, v., coiiter. 
costly, adj., couteux. 
cotton, ii., coton, m. 
cough, ii., toux, /. 
cough, v., tousser. 
counsel, n., conseil, m. 
counsel, 11., conseiller, m. 



count, v., compter. 

count, ii., compte, m. 

count, n., comte, m. 

countess, n., comtesse, /. 

county, 11., comte, m. 

country, 11. , pays, m.; contree,/. ; 

patrie, /. ; in the country, a la 

campagne. 



conntryman, 



compatriote, 



paysan, in. 
courage, 11., courage, m. 
courageous, adj., courageux. 
course, 11., cours, m.; (race) 

course, /. 
court, 11., cour, /. 
cover, v., couvrir. 
cow, 11., vache^ /. 
coward, adj., lache, poltron. 
cradle, 11., berceau, m. 
crazy, adj., fou. 
cream, n., creme, /. 
create, v., creer. 
creator, n., createur, m. 
credit, 11., credit, m. ; on credit, 

a credit. 
cross, n., croix, /. 
cross, v., traverser. 
crowd, 11. , f oule, /. 
crown, 11., couronne, /. 
crown, v., couronner. 
cruel, adj., cruel. 
cruelty, n., cruaute, /. 
crush, v., ecraser. 
cry, v., crier, pleurer. 
cultivate, v., cultiver. 
cup, n., tasse, /. 
cure, v., guerir. 
curious, adj., curieux. 
curl, 11., boucle, /. 



VOCABULARY. 



curse, n., malediction, /. 
curse, v., maudire. 
curve, n., courbe, /. 



curtain, n., rideau, m. 
custom, 11., coutume, /. 
cut, v., couper. 



D. 






daisy, »., marguerite,/. 

damage, n., dommage, m. 

damp, adj., humide. 

dance, n., danse, /. 

dance, v., danser. 

danger, n., danger, m. 

dangerous, adj., dangereux. 

dare, v., oser. 

daring, adj., hardi. 

dark, adj., obscur, sombre. 

darkness, n., obscurite, f. 

daughter, n., fille, /. 

day, ».., jour, m. 

dead, adj., mort. 

deaf, adj., sourd. 

deal, 11., quantite, /.; a great 

deal, beaueoup. 
dear, adj., cher. 
death, n., mort,/. 
debt, n., dette, /. 
debtor, n., debiteur, m. 
deceive, v., tromper. 
December, n., decembre, m. 
decide, v. v decider. 
declare, v., declarer. 
deep, adj., profond. 
defect, n„ defaut, m. 
defend, v., defendre. 
defy, v., defier. 
deign, v., daigner. 
delay, n., delai, retard, m. 
delay, v., retarder. 
delicious, adj., delicieux 



delight, v., enchante, ravi. 
delighted, adj., enchante, ravi. 
delightful, adj. , delicieux. 
deliver, v., delivrer. 
demand, v., demauder, exiger. 
deny, v., denier, 
depart, v., partir. 
departure, n., depart, m. 
depend, v., dependre. 
deposit, n. t depot, m. 
deprive, v., priver. 
descend, v., descendre. 
describe, v., decrire. 
desert, v., deserter. 
deserve, v., meriter. 
design, n., dessein m.; (sketch) 

dessin, m. 
desire, n., desir, in. 
desire, v., desirer. 
desk, 11., pupitre, m. 
despair, n., desespoir, m. 
despair, v., desesperer. 
desperate, adj., desespere. 
despise, v., mepriser. 
destiny, n., destinee,/ ;destin,m. 
destitute, adj., depourvu. de- 

nue. 
destroy, v., detruire 
detail, n., detail, m. 
detain, v., retenir. 
detest, v., detester. 
devote, v., devouer. 
dexterous, adj., adroit, habile. 



230 



tfOCABtJLARY. 



diamond, n., diamant, m 

dictionary, n., dictionnaire, m. 

die, v., raourir. 

different, adj., different. 

difficult, adj., difficile. 

difficulty, n., difficulty /. 

dig, v., becher, piocher, creuser. 

diligent, adj., diligent, applique. 

dine, v., diner. 

dining-room, w.,salle a manger,/. 

dinner, n., diner, m. 

dip, v., puiser, plonger. 

direct, adj., direct. 

direct, v., diriger, 

direction, n., adresse ;/.; direc- 
tion, /. 

directly, adv., directement; tout 
de suite. 

disagreeable, adj., desagreable. 

disappear, v. , disparaitre. 

disarm, v., desarmer. 

discourage, v., decourager. 

discourse, n., discours, m. 

discover, v., decouvrir. 

discreet, adj., discret. 

disdain, v., dedaigner. 

disgrace, n., disgrace, /. 

disguise, v., deguiser. 

dish, n., plat, m. 

dishonest, adj., malhonnete. 

dislike, v., ne pas aimer. 

disobey, v., desobeir. 

disorder, n., desordre, m. 

displease, v., disposer. 

dispute, n., dispute, /. 

dispute, v., disputer. 

dissatisfied, adj., mecontent. 

dissolve, v., dissoudre. 

distance, n., distance,/. 



distinguish, t\, distinguer. 

distribute, v., distribuer. 

distrust, v., se defier, se mefier. 

disturb, v., troubler, deranger. 

ditch, n., fosse, m. 

divert, v., divertir. 

divide, v., diviser. 

divine, adj., divin. 

do, v., faire. 

doctor, n., docteur, m. 

dog, n., chien, m. 

doll, n., poupee, /. 

dollar, n., dollar, m. 

donkey, n_, ane, m. ; baudet, m. 

door, n., porte. /. 

doubt, 11., doute, m. 

doubt, v., douter. 

doubtful, adj., douteux. 

dove, ii., colombe, /. 

down, ii., duvet, m. 

down, adv., en bas. 

dozen, n., douzaine, /. 

draw, v., tirer, dessiner. 

drawing, n., dessin, m. 

drawer, n., tiroir, m. 

dream, n., songe, m., reve, m. 

dream, v., rever. 

dress, n., robe, /. 

dress, v. , habiller. 

dried, adj., seche dried up, des- 

seche. 
drink, v., boire. 

drive, n., promenade en voiture. 
drive, v., aller en voiture. 
driver, n., conducteur, m. 
drop, n., goutte, /. 
drown, v., noyer. 
dry, adj., sec. 
duchess, n., duchesse,/. 



VOCABULARY. 



231 



duck, n. , canard, m. 

due, adj., du. 

duke, n., due, m. 

dull, adj., triste, lourd, calme. 

dumb, adj., muet. 



duration, n., duree, /. 
during, prep., pendant. 
dust, n., poussiere, /. 
duty, n., devoir, m. 
dwelling, »., demeure, /. 



E. 



each, adj., chaque. 

each, pron., chacun. 

eager, adj., empresse. 

eagle, n., aigle, m. 

ear, n., oreille, /. 

ear-ring, n., bouele d'oreille, /. 

early, adv., de bonne heure. 

earn, v., gagner. 

earnest, adj., serieux. 

earth, n. , terre, /. 

ease, n., aise, /. ; aisance, /. 

easily, adv., aisement. 

east, n., est, m. 

easy, adj., aise. 

eat, v., manger. 

echo, n., echo, m. 

education, n. , education, /. 

efface, v., effacer. 

effect, n., effet, m. 

effort, n., effort, m. 

egg, n., ceuf, m. 

elder, eldest, adj., aine. 

elbow, n., coude, m. 

elect, v., elire. 

elegant, adj., elegant. 

element, n., element, m. 

elephant, n., elephant, m. 

else, adj., autre. 

elsewhere, adv., ailleurs. 

embarrass, v. , embarrasser. 

embrace, v., embrasser. 



embellish, v., embellir. 
embroider, v., broder. 
emperor, n., empereur, m. 
employ, v., employer. 
empress, n. , imperatrice, /. 
empty, adj., vide. 
enamel, n., email, m. 
enchanted, adj., enchante. 
encourage, v., encourager. 
end, n., fin, /. 
end, v., finir. 
endless, adj., sans fin. 
endeavor, v., s'efforcer, tacher. 
enemy, n., ennemi, m. 
engage, v., engager. 
England, n., l'Angleterre, /. 
English, adj., anglais. 
engrave, v., graver. 
engraving, n., gravure, /. 
enjoy, v., jouir (de); enjoy one's 

self, s'amuser. 
enlighten, v., eclairer. 
enmity, n., inimitie, /. 
enough, adv., assez. 
enquire, v., s'informer. 
enrich, v., enrichir. 
enter, v., entrer. 
enterprise, ii., entreprise, /. 
entertain, v., entretenir. 
entire, adj., en tier. 
entrance, n. f entree, /. 



232 



VOCABULARY. 



envelope, n., enveloppe, /. 

envelope, v., envelopper. 

envious, adj., envieux. 

envy, n., en vie, /. 

envy, v., envier. 

equal, adj., egal. 

equality, n , egalite, /, 

equally, adv. , egalement. 

erase, v., effacer. 

error, n., erreur,/. 

escape, v., echapper, s'echapper. 

establish, v., etablir. 

esteem, n. } estime, /. 

esteem, v., estimer. 

eternal, adj., eternel. 

Europe, n. , l'Europe, /. 

even, adv., meme. 

evening, n., soir, m., soiree, /. 

event, n., evenement, m. 

ever, adv., tou jours. 

every, adj., chaque. 

everybody, tout le monde. 

everyday, tous les jours. 

everything, tout. 

everywhere, partout. 

evident, adj., evident. 

evil, n. y mal, m. 

exalt, v., exalter. 

exact, adj., exact. 

example, n., exemple, m. 



excellent, adj., excellent. 
except, v., excepter. 
exception, n., exception, /. 
excess, n., exces, m. 
excessive, adj., excessif. 
exclaim, v., s'ecrier. 
excuse, n., excuse, /. 
excuse, v , excuser. 
execute, v., executer. 
exercise, n., exercice, m. 
exercise, v., exercer. 
exile, n., exil, m. 
exile, v., exiler. 
exist, v., exister. 
expect, v., attendre, s'attendre. 
expend, v., depenser. 
expense, n., depense, /. 
expensive, adj., cher. 
experience, n., experience, /. 
expire, v., expirer. 
explain, v., expliquer. 
expose, v., exposer. 
exquisite, adj., exquis. 
extend, v., etendre. 
extract, v., extraire. 
extraordinary, adj., extraordi- 
naire. 
extreme, adj., extreme, 
eye, n. , ceil, m. ; eyes, yeux. 
eyelet, n., ceillet, m. 



fable, n., fable, /. 

face, n., face, /. ; visage, m. 

face, v., affronter, regarder en 

face. 
fact, n., fait, m. 

faner, se deteindre. 



fail, v., faillir; manquer (de). 

faint, v., s'evanouir. 

fair, adj., beau. 

fairly, adv., bien, assez bien. 

fairy, »., fee, /. 

faith, n., foi, /. 



VOCABULARY. 



faithful, adj., fidele. 

faithless, adj., infidele. 

fall, v., tomber. 

false, adj., faux. 

falsehood, n. , mensonge, m. 

family, n., famille, /. 

famous, adj., fameux. 

fan, n., eventail, m. 

fancy, n., fantaisie, /. 

far, adv., loin. 

farm, »., ferme, /. 

farmer, »., fermier, m. 

fashion, n., mode, /. 

fast, adj. , vite. 

fat, adj., gras. 

fatal, adj., fatal, funeste. 

fate, n., sort, m. ; destin, m. 

father, n., pere, m. 

fatherland,w., patrie,/. 

fatigue, n., fatigue,/. 

fault, n. , faute, /. 

favor, n., faveur, /. 

favor, v., favoriser. 

fear, n., crainte, /. 

fear, v., craindre. 

fearless, adj., intrepide, sans 

peur. 
feast, n., fete, /. 
feather, n., plume,/. 
February, n., fevrier, m, 
feeble, adj., faible. 
feel, v., sentir. 
feign, v., feindre. 
fell, n., peau, fourrure, /. 
fellow, n., compagnon, m. 
ferocious, adj., feroce. 
fertile, adj., fertile, 
festivity, n., fete,/. 
fever, n., fievre, /. 



few, adj., peu (de) ; a few, quel- 

ques; pron., queiqaes-uns. 
field, n., champ, m. 
fight, n., combat, m. 
fight, v., combattre, se battre. 
fill, v., remplir. 
find, v., trouver. 
fine, n., amende, /. 
fine, adj., beau, joli. 
finger, n., doigt, m. 
finish, v., finir. 
fire, n., feu, m. 
fish, n., poisson, m. 
fish, v., pecher. 
fishing, 71., peche, /. 
fishing-line, n., ligne, /. 
fist, 7i., poing, m. 
fix, v., fixer. 
flag, n., drapeau, m. 
flame, n., flamme, /. 
flatter, v. , flatter. 
flatterer, n., flatteur, m. 
flattery, n., flatterie, /. 
flee, v., fuir. 
fleet, n., flotte, /. 
flesh, n. , viande, /. 
flight, n., fuite, /. ; vol, m. 
float, v., flotter. 
flock, 7i., troupe, /. ; troupeau, m 
floor, ?i., plaucher, m. 
flour, n., farine, /. 
flourish, v., fleurir. 
flow, v., couler. 
flower, n. , fleur", /. 
flute, ii., flute. /. 
fly, n., mouche, /. 
fly, v., voler, fuir, s'enfuir. 
foam, w. , ecume, /. 
foe, ii , ennemi, m. 



234 



VOCABULARY. 



fog, n., brouillard, m. 
fold, v., plier. 
follow, v., suivre. 
folly, n., folie, /. 
fond (to be), aimer. 
food, n. } nourriture, /. 
fool, n., fou, m. ; folle, /. 
foolish, adj., fou, folle. 
foot, n., pied, m. 
foppish, adj., fat. 
for, .prep., pour. 
for, conj., car. 
forbid, v., defendre. 
force, n., force, /. 
force, v., forcer, 
forehead, n., front, m. 
foreign, adj., etranger. 
forenoon, n., matinee, f. 
foresee, v., prevoir. 
forest, »., foret, /. 
foretell, v., predire. 
forget, v., oublier. 
forgive, v., pardonner. 
fork, n., fourchette, /. 
form, n., forme,/. 
form, v., former, 
formerly, adv., autrefois. 
fortunate, adj., heureux. 
fortune, n., fortune, /. 
found, Vo, fonder. 



fountain, n„ fontaine,/. 

fox, n. , renard, m. 

France, n., la France. 

frankly, adj., franc. 

free, adj., libre. 

freedom, n., liberte, /. 

freely, adv., librement. 

freeze, v., geler. 

French, adj., frangais. 

Frenchman, n., Frangais. 

fresh, adj., frais. 

Friday, n., vendredi, m. 

friend, n., ami, m.; amie, /. 

friendly, adj., amical. 

friendship, n. , amitie, /. 

fright, n., frayeur, /. 

frighten, v., effrayer. 

front, n., front, m. 

frown, v. , f roncer les sourcils. 

fruit, n., fruit, m. 

fruitful, adj., fertile. 

fulfil, v., remplir. 

full, adj., plein. 

fun, n. , plaisanterie, /. ; plaisir,w 

funny, adj., amusant, drole, 

fur, n. , f ourrure, /. 

furious, adj., furieux. 

furnish, v., fournir, garnir. 

fury, n., fureur, /. 

future, n., futur, m.\ avenir, m. 



gaily, adv., gaiement. 
gain, n. t gain, m.\ profit, m. 
gain, v., gagner. 
game,?i., jeu, m. ; gibier, m. 
garden, n., jardin, m. 
gardener, n., jardinier, m. 



garnet, n., grenat, m. 

gas, n., gaz, m. 

gate, n. , porte, /. 

gather, v., rassembler, cueillir. 

gay, adj., gai. 

general, adj., general, 



VOCABULARY. 



235 



generosity, »., generosite, /. 

generous, adj., genereux. 

genius, n., genie, m. 

gentleman, n., monsieur, m. 

gently, adv., doucement. 

genuine, adj., pur, vrai. 

geography, n., geographie, /. 

German, adj., allemand. 

Germany, »., l'Allemagne, /. 

ghost, n., revenant, m. 

giant, n., geant, m, 

gift, n., present, m. 

girl, n„ fille, /. 

give, v., donner. 

give back, v., rendre. 

give up, v., ceder. 

glad, adj. , aise, bien aise. 

glance, n., coup d'ceil, m. 

glass, n., verre, m. 

glitter, n., brillant, m.; eclat, m. 

glitter, v., bnller, reluire. 

globe, n., globe, m. 

glorious, adj., glorieux. 

glory, ra.,gloire,/. 

glove, n., gant, m. 

go, v., aller. 

go away, v., s'en aller. 

go in, v., entrer. 

go out, v., sortir. 

go on, v., aller, continuer. 

go back, v., retourner, reculer. 

go up, v., monter. 

go down, v., descendre. 

go off, v., partir. 

go for, v., aller chercher. 

God, n., Dieu, m. 

gold, n., or, m. 

good, adj., bon. 

goodness, n., bonte, /. 



grace, n., grace, /. 

graceful, adj., gracieux. 

grain, n. , grain, m. 

grammar, n., grammaire, /. 

grand, adj., grand, grandiose. 

grant, v., accorder. 

grape, n., raisin, m. 

grass, n., herbe, /. 

grateful, adj., recormaissant, 

gratitude, n., reconnaissance, /. 

grave, n., tombe, /. 

grave, adj., grave. 

great, adj., grand. 

greatly, adv., beaucoup. 

greatness, n., grandeur, /. 

greedy, adj., avide. 

Greek, adj., grec. 

green, adj., vert. 

grey, adj., gris. 

grief, 71., chagrin, m. 

grieve, v., affliger. 

grind, v., moudre. 

groan, n., gemissement, m. 

groan, v., gemir. 

ground, n., terre, /. 

grow, v., croitre. 

grow beautiful, v., embellir. 

grow old, v., vieillir. 

grumble, ., murmurer. 

guard, n., garde, /. ; {person) 

garde, m. 
guard, v., garder. 
guardian, n., gardien, tuteur, m. 
guess, v., deviner. 
gulf, n., golfe, m. 
guide, n., guide, m. 
guide, v., guider. 
guilty, adj., coupable. 
gun, n., fusil, m. 



236 



VOCABULARY. 
H. 



habit, n., habitude/. 

hail ! interj . , salut ! 

hail, n., grele, /. 

hail, v., greler. 

hair, n. , cheveux, m. , pi. 

half, adj., demi. 

half, to., moitie, /. ; demie,/. 

hall, to., salle, /. 

hammer, to., marteau, m. 

hand, n., main, /. 

handkerchief, n., mouchoir, m. 

handsome, adj., beau. 

hang, v., pendre. 

happen, v., arriver. 

happily, adv., heureusement. 

happiness, n., bonheur, m. 

happy, adj., heureux. 

harbor, n., port, m. 

hard, adj. , dur. 

hardly, adv., a peine. 

hare, n., lievre, m. 

harm, to., mal, m. 

harm, v., faire mal (a). 

harmless, adj., innocent. 

harvest, n., recolte, /.; mois- 

son, /. 
harvest, v., recolter. 
haste, n., hate, /. 
hasten, v., se hater. 
hat, n., chapeau, m. 
hate, v., hair. 
hatred, n. haine,/. 
hay, to., foin, m. 
hazard, n., hasard, m. 
head, n., tete, /. 
health, n., sante, /. 
-healthy, adj., sain, bien portant. 



heap, n., tas, m. 

hear, v., entendre. 

heart, n., coeur, m. 

heartless, a<Z/., sans coeur. 

heat, n., chaleur, /. 

heathen, adj., paien. 

heaven, n , ciel, m. 

heavy, adj., lourd. 

hedge, n., haie, f. 

height, n., hauteur, /. 

heir, n. } heiitier, m. 

heiress, n., heritiere, /. 

hell, n., enfer, m. 

helm, n., gouvernail, m. 

help, n., aide, /. ; secours, m. 

help, v., aider, secourir. 

hen, n., poule, /. 

herb, n. , herbe, /. 

here, adv., ici. 

hero, to., heros, m. 

heroic, adj. , hero'ique. 

hesitate, v., hesiter. 

hide, v., cacher. 

high, adj. , haut. 

hill, n., colline, /. 

hinder, v., empecher. 

history, n., histoire, /. 

hold, v., tenir. 

hole, n., trou, m. 

holiday, n., jour de fete, conge, m. 

holidays, n., vacances, /. pi. 

hollow, adj., creux; (sound) 

sourd. 
holy, adj., saint. 
home, n., chez soi. 
honest, adj., honnete. 
honey, n., miel, m. 



VOCABULARY. 



237 



honor, n., konneur. 

honor, v., honorcr. 

hook, »., crochet, m. ; (Jiskiny) 

hame§on, m. 
hoop, n., cerceau, m. ; cercle, m. 
hope, n. } espoir, m. ; esperance,/. 
hope, v., esperer. 
horrible, adj., liorrible. 
horror, n., horreur, /. 
horse, n., cheval, m. 
hot, adj. , chaud. 
hotel, n., hotel, m. 
hour, n., heure, /. 
house, n., maison,/. 
how, adv., comment. 
however, conj., cependant. 
howl, v., hurler. 



human, adj., humain. 
humiliate, v , humilier. 
humming, n., murmure, bour- 
donnement, m. 

hunchback, adj., bossu. 

hunger, n., faim, /. 

hungry, adj., ajfame; (to be 

hungry), avoir faun. 
hunt, v., chasser. 
hunter, n. y chasseur, m. 
hunting, n., chasse, /. 
hurry, 11. , hate, /. ; in a hurry, 

presse, a la hate. 
hurt, v., blesser. 
hurtful, adj. y nuisible. 
husband, n., mari, m. 
hut, n., hutte, /.; cabane, /, 



ice, »., glace, /. 
idea, n., idee,/. 
idle, adj. y oisif. 
idleness, n., oisivete, /. 
if, conj., si. 

ignorant, adj., ignorant. 
ignore, v., ignorer. 
ill, adv., mal. 
ill, adj., malade. 
illness, n., maladie, /. 
image, w., image, /. 
imagine, v., imaginer. 
imitate, v., imiter. 
imitation, n., imitation, /. 
immediately, adv., immediate- 
men t. 
immortal, adj , immortel. 
impatient, adj., impatient. 
impolite, adj., impoli. 



important, adj., important. 
impossible, adj., impossible. 
improve, v., faire des progres. 
imprudent, adj., imprudent. 
in, prep., dans, en. 
inattentive, adj., distrait. 
inch, n., pouce, m. 
income, n. , revenu, m. 
incredible, adj., incroyable. 
indeed, adv., en effet. 
indignant, adj., indigne. 
inform, v., informer. 
information, n., information,/. 
inhabit, v., habiter. 
inhabitant, n., habitant, m. 
injure, v., nuire a. 
injury, n., injure, /. 
injust, adj., injuste. 
injustice, injustice, /. 



VOCABULARY. 



ink, n., encre, /. 
inkstand, n., encrier, m. 
innocence, n., innocence, /. 
innocent, adj., innocent, 
inquire, v., demander, s'informer. 
insect, n., insecte, m. 
inside, adv., a l'interieur. 
insist, v., insister. 
inspire, v., inspirer. 
instead of, prep., au lieu de. 
instruct, v., instruire. 
instruction, n., instruction, /. 
instructive, adj , instructif. 
insult, n., insulte, /. 
insult, v., insulter. 
intelligence, n.; intelligence, /. 
intelligent, adj., intelligent. 
intend, v., avoir l'intention de. 
intention, n., intention,/. 
interest, n., interet, m. 
interest, v., interesser. 
interesting, adj., interessant. 



interior, adj., interieur. 
interrupt, v., interrompre. 
interview, n., entrevue, /. 
intimate, adj., intime. 
into, prep., dans, en. 
intrigue, n., intrigue, /. 
introduce, v., introduire. 
invade, v., envahir. 
invent, v., in venter, 
invention, n., invention,/, 
invite, v., inviter. 
invitation, n., invitation, /. 
iron, n., fer, m. 
irony, n., ironie, /. 
irregular, adj., irregulier. 
irrigate, v., arroser. 
island, n., ile, /. 
Italian, adj., italien. 
Italy, n., l'ltalie, /. 
isthmus, n., isthme, m. 
ivory, n., ivoire, m. 
ivy, n., lierre, m. 



jail, n., prison, /. 

jam, ii., confitures, /. pi. 

January, n., Janvier, m. 

jaw, n., machoire, /. 

jealous, adj., jaloux. 

jealousy, n., jalousie, /. 

jelly, n., gelee, /. 

jest, ii., plaisanterie, /. 

jewel, ii., joyau, in. 

jeweler, n. joaillier, bijoutier, m. 

join, v., joindre. 

joke, ii., plaisanterie, /. 

joke, v. , plaisanter. 



jolly, adj., joyeux, gai. 
journey, n., voyage, m. 
joy, »., joie, /. 

joyful, adj., joyeux. 
judge, n., juge, m. 
judge, v., juger. 
judgment, n., jugenient, m. 
July, ii., juillet, m. 
jump, v., sauter. 
June, ii., juillet. m. 
just, adj., juste. 
justice, n , justice,/, 
justify, v., justifier. 



VOCABULARY. 
K. 



WJ 



keen, adj., aigu, vif. 
keep, v., garder, retenir. 
keep up, v., entretenir. 
keeper, n., garde, m. 
key, n. t clef,/, 
kill, v., tuer. 
kind, adj., bon. 
kind, n., genre, m.\ sorte, /. 
kindness, n., bonte, /. 
king, n., roi, m. 



kingdom, n., royaurae, m. 
kiss, »., baiser, m. 
kiss, v., embrasser. 
kitchen, n., cuisine, /. 
knee, n. , genou, m. 
kneel down, v., s'agenouiller. 
knife, n., couteau, m. 
knight, «., chevalier, m. 
know, v., savoir; (to be acquainted 
with) connaitre. 



labor, n., travail, m. ; peine, /. 

labor, v., travailler. 

laborious, adj , laborieux. 

lace, n., dentelle, /. 

lady, n., dame,/.; young lady, 
demoiselle. 

lake, 7i., lac, m. 

lamb, n., agneau, m. 

lame, adj., boiteux. 

lamp, n., lampe, /. 

land, n. , terre, /. 

landlord, n., proprietaire, m. 

language, n., langage, m. 

large, adj., grand, gros. 

lark, 7i., alouette,/. 

last, adj., dernier. 

last, v. , durer. 

late, adv., tard; it is late, il est 
tard; he is late, il est en re- 
tard. 

lately, adv., dernierement. 

laugh, v., rire. 

laugh at, v., se moquer de. 

laughter, »., rire, m. 



law, 7i., loi, /. 
lawn, 7i., pelouse, /. 
lawyer, 7i., avocat, m. 
laziness, 7i., paresse, /. 
lazy, adj., paresse ux. 
lead, 7i., plomb, 7n. 
lead, v., conduire, mener. 
leader, n. , chef, guide, m. 
leaf, w., feuille, /. 
lean, adj., ruaigre. 
lean, v., s'appuyer. 
learn, v., apprendre. 
learned, adj., savant, instruit. 
leave, n., permission,/.; conge, m. 
leave, v., quitter, partir, laisser. 
left, part., laisse, quitte, parti, 
left, adj., gauche. 
leg, n., jambe, /. 
lemon, »., citron, m. 
lend, v. , preter. 
length, n., longueur, /. 
less, adv., moins. 
lesson, 7i., lecon, /. 
lest, conj., de peur que. 



240 



VOCABULARY. 



let, v., laisser (lure) louer. 

let him do, qu'il fasse. 

let us do (imperative), faisons. 

letter, n., lettre, /. 

letter-carryer, n., facteur, m. 

liar, n., menteur, m. 

liberal, adj., liberal. 

liberty, n., liberte, /. 

library, n., bibliotheque,/. 

lie, n., mensonge, m. 

lie, v., mentir. 

lie, v., etre situe. 

lie down, v., se coucher, etre 

couche. 
life, n., vie, /. 
light, n., lumiere, /. 
light, adj., clair; (not heavy) le- 

ger. 
lighten, v., eclairer. 
lightning, n. , eclair, m. 
like, adj., pareil, 
like, adv., comnie. 
like, v., aimer, 
likely, adv., probablement. 
lilac, n., lilas, m. 
lily, n., lis, m. 
limit, n., limite, /. 
limit, v., limiter, borner. 
line, n., ligne, /. 
linen, n., toile, /. 
lion, n., lion, m. 
lip, n., levre, /. 



listen, v., ecouter. 

little, adj., petit 

little, adv., peu. 

live, v., vivre. 

lively, adj., vif. 

load, v., charger. 

long, adj., long. 

long, adv., longtemps. 

look, it., regard, m. 

look, v., regarder. 

looking-glass, n., miroir, m., 

glace, /. 
lord, n., seigneur, maitre, m. 
loosen, v., delier, detacher. 
lose, v., perdre. 
loss, n., perte, /. 
lot, ii., sort, in. ; lot, m. 
loud, adj., haut. 
loudly, adv., a haute voix, haut. 
love, ii., amour, in. 
love, v., aimer, 
loveliness, n., amabilite, /. ; 

charme. 
lovely, adj., charmant. 
low, adj., bas. 
lower, v., baisser. 
luck, ii., chance, /. 
luckewarm, adj., tiede. 
lucky, adj., heureux. 
lump, ii., morceau, m. 
lunch, ii., lunch, m., dejeuner, m. 
luxury, n., luxe, m. 



M. 



machine, n., machine, /. 
mad, adj., fou, enrage, 
madam, n., madame, /. 
magnet, n., aimant, m. 



magnificent, adj., magnifique. 
maintain, v., maintenir. 
make, v., faire. 
man, n., homme, m. 



VOCABULARY. 



241 



manner, »., maniere, /. 
manners, n., mceurs, /.; manie- 

res, /. 
map, n., carte, /. 
march, n., marche, /. 
march, v., marcher. 
March, n., mars, m. 
mark, n., marque, /. 
mark, v., marquer. 
market, n. t march6, m. 
marriage, n., mariage, m. 
marry, v., se marier, epouser. 
marsh, n., marais, m. 
marshy, adj., marecageux. 
marvel, n., merveille, /. 
master, n. t maitre. m. 
match, n., allumette, f. 
matter, »., matiere,/.; affaire,/. 
mayor, n., maire, m. 
meadow, n., pre, m. ; prairie,/. 
meal, n., repas, m. 
mean, adj., bas, vil, petit. 
mean, v., signifier, vouloir dire > 
meaning, n., signification, /. ; 

sens, m. 
means, n., moyen, m. 
measure, n., mesure, /. 
measure, v., mesurer. 
meat, »., viande, /. 
medal, n., medaille, /. 
medecine, n % , medecine, /. 
meet, v., rencontrer. 
melt, v., fond re, 
member, n. , membre, m. 
memory, memoire, m. 
menace, n. t menace, /. 
mend, v., racconimoder. 
merchant, n., marchand, m, 
merit, n., merite, m. 



merit, v., meriter. 

merrily, adv., gaiement. 

merry, adj., gai. 

metal, »., niolal, m. 

metre, u., metre, m, 

middle, n., milieu, m. 

mighty, adj., puissant. 

mild, adj., doux. 

mile, n., niille, m. 

milk, n., lait, m. 

mill, n., moulin, m. 

miller, n., meunier, m. 

mind, n., esprit, m. ; I have a 

mind, j'ai en vie de. 
mind, v., faire attention, remar- 

quer. 
mine, n., mine, /. 
miner, n., mineur, m. 
minute, n., minute, /. 
mirror, miroir, m,\ glace, /. 
mischievous, adj., malin, me- 

chant. 
miser, n., avare, m. 
miserable, adj., miserable, 
misery, n., misere, /. 
misfortune, n., malheur, m. ; in- 

f ortune, /. 
miss, v., manquer. 
mist, n., brouillard, m. 
mistake, n., faute, /. ; erreur,/. 
mistake, v., se tromper. 
mix, v., meler. 
mock, v., se moquer. 
mockery, n., moquerie, /. 
moderate, adj., modere. 
modern, adj., moderne. 
modest, adj., modeste. 
modesty, n., modestie/. 
moment, n., moment, m. 



242 



VOCABULARY. 



money, n., argent, m. 
monkey, n., singe, m. 
month, n., mois, m. 
monument, n., monument, m. 
moon, n., lime, /. 
more, adv., plus, davantage. 
morning, n., matin, m. 
mortal, adj., mortel. 
mosquito, n., moustique, /. 
moss, 7i., mousse, /. 
most, adv., le plus; la plupart. 
moth, n., papillon (de nuit), m. 
mother, n., mere, /. 
mother of pearl, n., nacre, m. 
mountain, n. montagne, /. 
motion, n., signe, m.; mouve- 

ment, m. 
mount, v., monter. 



mourning, n., deuil, m. 
mouse, n., souris, /. 
mouth, n., bouche, /. 
move, v., mouvoir, emouvoir. 
much, adv., beaucoup; as much, 

autant; so much, tant. 
mud, n , boue, /. 
muff, n., manchon, m. 
murder, n., meurtre, m. 
murder, v., assassiner. 
murderer, n., meurtrier, m. 
murmur, murmure, m. 
music, n,, musique, f. 
must, v., falloir, devoir. 
mutton, n., mouton, m. 
mutual, adj., mutuel. 
mysterious, adj., mysterieux. 
mystery, n., mystere, m. 



N. 



nail, n. (finger-), ongle, m. 

nail, n., (metal-), clou, m. 

nail, v., clouer. 

naked, adj., nu. 

name, n., nom, m. 

name, v., nommer. 

napkin, n., serviette, /. 

narrow, adj., etroit. 

nation, n., nation, /. 

national, adj., national. 

natural, adj., naturel. 

nature, n., nature, /. 

naughty, adj., mechant. 

navy, n., marine, /. 

near, prep., adv., pres de, au- 

pres de. 
nearly, adv., presque, a peu pres. 
neat, adj., propre. 



necessary, adj., necessaire. 
necessity, n., necessite, /. 
neck, n., cou, m. 
necklace, n., collier, m t 
need, n., besoin, m. 
need, v., avoir besoin de. 
needle, n., aiguille,/. 
neglect, v., negliger. 
negligent, adj., negligent. 
neighbor, n., voisin, m. 
neither, pron., ni Fun, ni l'autre. 
neither, conj., ni... non plus, 
neither... nor, ni... ni. 
nephew, n., neveu, m. 
nervous, adj., nerveux. 
nest, n., nid, m. 
net, n., filet, m. 
never, adv., jamais. 



VOCABULARY. 



24:] 



nevertheless, adv., cependant. 
new, adj., neuf, nouveau. 
news, n., nouvelles, /. pi. 
newspaper, n., journal, m, 
next, adj., suivant. 
nice, adj., joli. 
niece, n., niece, /. 
nigger, 11. , negre, m. 
night, n., nuit, /. 
nightingale, 11., rossignol, m. 
nightmare, 11., cauchemar, m. 
nobility, n,, noblesse, /. 
noble, adj., noble. 
nobody, adj., personne. 
noise, n., bruit, m. 
noisy, adj., bruyant. 
noon, n., midi, m. 
nor, conj., ni. 



north, n., nord, m. 

nose, 11. , nez, m. 

notice, n., connaissancc, /.; no- 
tice, /. 

notice, v., remarquer. 

nourish, v., nourrir. 

novel, n., roman, m. 

novelty, n., nouveau tc, /. 

November, n., novembre, m. 

novice, n., novice, m.,f. 

now, adv., maintenant. 

nowhere, adv., nulle part. 

number, n., noinbre, m.; nu- 
mero, /. 

nurse, n., nourrice, /. ; bonne, /. 

nursery, n., chambre des en- 
fants. 

nut, n., noix, /. 



O. 



oak, n. s chene, m. 
oar, n. , rame, /. ; aviron, m. 
oath, n., serment, m. 
oats, n., avoine, /. 
obedient, adj., obeissant. 
obey, v., obeir. 
object, n., objet, m. ; but, m. 
oblige, v., obliger. 
obscure, adj., obscure. 
obtain, v., obtenir. 
occasion, n., occasion, /. 
ocean, n. , ocean, m. 
October, n., octobre, m. 
odious, adj., odieux. 
odor, ii., odeur, /. 
offence, ?i„ offense, /. 
offend, v., offenser. 
offer, n. t offre, /. 



offer, v., offrir. 
officer, n., officier, m. 
often, adv., souvent. 
oil, n. , huile, /. 
old, adj., vieux, age. 
omit, v. , omettre. 
on, prep., sur. 
once, adv., une fois, 
only, adv., seulement. 
open, v., ouvrir. 
open, adj., ouvert. 
opera, n., opera, m. 
opportunity, n., occasion,/. 
oppose, v., opposer. 
or, conj., ou. 
orange, 11. , orange, /. 
orchard, 11., verger, m. 
order, 11., ordre, m. 



244 



VOCABULARY. 



order v., ordonner. 
ordinary, adj., ordinaire. 
other, adj., autre. 
otherwise, adv., autrement. 
ought, v., devoir; I ought to, je 

devrais. 
outside, adv., dehors, en dehors. 
outrage, 11. , outrage, m. 
over, prep., sur, au-dessus de. 
overcoat, n., pardessus, m. 



overtake, v., atteindre, surpren- 

dre. 
overtaken, part., surpris, at- 

teint. 
overthrow, v., renverser. 
overwhelm, v., accabler. 
owe, v., devoir, 
own, adj., propre. 
owner, n., proprietaire, m. 
oyster, n., huitre, /. 



P. 



pace, n., pas, m. 

pagan, n., pa'ien, m. 

page, n., page,/. 

pain, n., peine, /. ; douleur, /.; 

mal, m. 
painful, adj., douloureux. 
paint, v., peindre. 
painter, n., peintre, m. 
painting, u., peinture, /. 
pair, 11. , paire, /. 
palace, n., palais, m. 
palate, n., palais, w. 
pale, adj., pale. 
pansy, n. , pensee, /. 
paper, n., papier, m. 
parasol, n., ombrelie, /. 
parcel, n., paquet, m. 
pardon, n., pardon, m. 
pardon, v., pardonner. 
parents, n., parents, pere et 

mere. 
Paris, n., Paris. 
Parisian, adj., parisien. 
park, n., pare, m. 
parlor, n., salon, m. 
part, n. , partie, /, 



particularly, adv., particuliere- 

ment, surtout. 
pass, v., passer. 
passion, n., passion, /. 
passionate, adj., passionne, em- 

porte. 
past, adj., passe. 
patience, n., patience, /. 
patient, adj., patient, 
path, n., sentier, m. 
patriotic, adj., patriotique. 
paw, n., patte, /. 
pay, v., payer. 
pea, n., pois, m. 
peace, n., paix, /. 
peaceful, adj., paisible. 
peach, n., peche, /. 
pear, n., poire, /. 
pearl, n., perle, /. 
peasant, n., paysan, m. ; pay- 

sanne, /. 
pen, n. , plume, /. 
pencil, ii., crayon, m. 
peninsula, n., presqu'ile, /. 
penknife, n., canif, m. 
pension, n., pension, /. 



VOCABULARY. 



245 



people, n , peuple, in.; gens, m., 

pepper, n., poivre, m. 
peppermint, n., raenthc, /. 
perceive, v., {see) apercevoir; 

(to notice) s'apercevoir. 
perfect, adj., parfait. 
perfum, 11. , parfum, in. 
perhaps, adv., peut-etre. 
perish, v., perir. 
permission, n., permission, /. 
p v., permettre. 

persecute, v., persecuter. 
persist, v., persister. 
person, n., personne, /. 
perspiration,?*, transpiration, /., 

sueur, /. 
persuade, v., persuader. 
pet, n., cheri, favori, mignon, in. 
pet, v. , choyer, gater. 
photograph, n., photographie, /. 
photographer, n., photographe. 
piano, 11., piano, m. 
pic-nic, n., pique-nique, m. 
pick,?'., eueillir. 
pick up, v., ramasser, eueillir. 
picture, n., tableau, m. 
piece, n., morceau, m.; piece, /. 
pig, »., cochon, m. 
pigeon, n., pigeon, m. 
pill, n. , pilule, /. 
pillow, n. , oreiller, m. 
pin, n., epingle, /. 
pinch, v., pincer. 
pink, n., osillet, m. 
pink, adj , rose. 
pious, adj., pieux. 
pipe, n., pipe,/. 
pity, »., pitie,/. 



pity, v. , plaindre. 

place, n., place, /.; lieu, m. 

place, ?•., placer. 

plain, adj., simple. 

plain, n., plaine, /. 

plan, n., plan, m. ; projet, m. 

plant, 71., plante, /. 

plant, v., planter. 

plate, n., assiette, /. 

play, n., jeu, m. ; comedie, /. 

play, v., jouer. 

player, n., joueur, m. 

plaything, n., joujou, m. 

pleasant, adj., agreable. 

please, v., plaire. 

pleased, adj., content. 

pleasure, n., plaisir, m. 

plot, oi., complot, m. 

plum, n., prune, /. 

plunder, n., butin, in. 

plunder, v., piller. 

pocket, n., poche, /. 

poem, ii., poeme, m. 

poet, ii., poete, in. 

poetical, adj., poetique. 

poetry, n , poesie, /. 

point, ii., point, m.; (sharp) 

pointe, /. 
poison, ii., poison, in. 
polar, adj., polaire. 
polite, adj. , poli. 
politness, 11., politesse,/. 
pony, n., poney, in. 
poor, adj., pauvre. 
pope, 11., pape, m. 
port, ii., port, m. 
possess, v., posseder. 
possible, adj., possible, 
postman, n. , facteur. 



246 



VOCABULARY, 



post-office, n., poste, /. 
potato, n., poinme de terre, /. 
pound, n. } livre, /. 
pour, v., verser. 
poverty, 11., pauvrete, /. 
powder, n., poudre, /. 
power, 11., pouvoir, m. 
powerful, adj., puissant. 
practise, v., pratiquer. 
praise, v., louer. 
pray, v., prier. 
prayer, n., priere, /. 
precept, n. , precepte, m. 
precious, adj., precieux. 
precise, adj., precis, juste, exact, 
predict, v., predire. 
prefer, v., preferer. 
preference, n., preference, /. 
prepare, v., preparer, 
present, adj., present. 
present, n., present, cadeau, m. 
present, v., presenter. 
president, n., president, m. 
press, v., presser. 
pretence, n., pretexte, m, 
pretend, v., pretendre. 
pretext, n., pretexte, m. 
pretty, adj., joli. 
pretty, adv., assez. 
prevent, v., empecher. 
price, n., prix, m. 
pride, n. , orgueil, m. ; fierte, /. 
priest, n., pretre, m. 
prince, n., prince, m. 
princely, adj., princier. 
princess, n., princesse, /. 
principal, adj., principal. 
print, v., imprimer. 
printer, n., imprimeur, m. 



printing, n., imprimerie, /. 
prison, n., prison,/. 
prisoner, n., prisonnier, m, 
prize, n., prix, m. 
probable, adj., probable. 
produce, v., produire. 
professor, n., professeur, m. 
profit, v., profiter. 
progress, n., progres, m 
project, 11., projet, m. 
promise, v., promettre. 
promise, ii., promesse, /. 
proof, n., preuve, /. 
proper, adj., propre. 
pronounce, v., prononcer. 
pronunciation, n., prononcia- 

tion, /. 
propose, v., proposer. 
proprietor, n., proprietaire, m. 
protect, v., proteger. 
protest, v., protester. 
prove, v:, prouver. 
proverb, ii., proverbe, m. 
provide, v., pourvoir. 
provided that, adj., pourvu que. 
provoke, t> , provoquer. 
prudence, n., prudence, /. 
prudent, adj., prudent, 
public, adj., public, 
publish, v., publier. 
pull, v., tirer. 
pulpit, ii., chaire, /. 
punish, v., punir. 
punishment, n., punition, f. 
pupil, n., eleve, m., f. 
pure, adj. , pur. 
purple, adj., pourpre. 
purpose, n., but, m. ; dessein, m. 
purposely, adv., expres. 



VOCABULARY. 



247 



purse, n., bourse,/. 
pursue, v., poursuivre. 
push, v., pousser. 



pussy, n., minet, m., minette, J 
put, v., metjtre, placer, 
put on, v., raettre. 



quality, n., qualite, /. 
quantity, n., quantite, /. 
quarrel, n., querelle, /. 
quarrel, v., querellev. 
quarter, n., quart, 
queen, n., reine, /. 
queer, adj., etr&nge, drole. 
quell, v., reprimer. 



question, v., questionner. 
question, n., question, /. ; it is 

the question of, il s'agit tie. 
quick, adj., vif. 
quickly, adv., vite. 
quiet, adj., tranquille. 
quill, n., plume d'oie, /. 
quite, adv., tout a fait. 



R. 



rabbit, »., lapin, m. 

race, n., race, /. ; {running) 

course, /. 
rage, »., rage,/. 
railroad, n., chemin de fer, m. 
rain, n„ pluie,/. 
rain, v., pleuvoir. 
rainbow, n. y arc-en-ciel, m. 
raise, v., lever, elever. 
range, v., ranger. 
rank, n. , rang, m. 
rapid, adj., rapide. 
rapidly, adv., rapidement. 
rare, adj., rare, 
rarely, adv., rarement. 
rascal, n., gredin, coquin, m. 
rat, n., rat, m. 
rather, adv., plutot. 
reach, v., atteindre, arriver. 
read, v., lire. 
ready, adj., pret; make ready, 

appreter. 



real, adj., reel. 
reason, n., raison, /. 
recall, v., rappeler. 
receipt, n., re§u, m. ; recette, /. 
receive, v., recevoir. 
recite, v., reciter. 
recognize, v., reconnaitre. 
recompense, n., recompense, /. 
red, adj., rouge. 
redeem, v., racheter. 
reduce, v., reduire. 
reflect, v., reflechir. 
reflection, n., reflexion,/. 
refresh, v., rafratchir. 
refuge, n., refuge, m. 
refuse, n., refus, m. 
refuse, v., refuser. 
regard, n., regard, m. ; conside- 
ration, /. 
regret, n., regret, m. 
regret, v., regretter. 
regular, adj., regulier. 



248 



VOCABULARY. 



reign, »., regne, m. 
reign, v., regner. 
rejoice, v., rejouir. 
relate, v., raconter. 
relation, »., relation, /. 
relatives, n. , parents, m. pi. 
relieve, v., soulager. 
religion, n. , religion, /. 
rely, .. compter, 
remain, v., rester. 
remains, 11. , restes, m. pi. 
remark, v., remarquer. 
remedy, n., remede, m. 
remember, v. , se souvenir, 
remembrance, 11. , souvenir, m. 
remove, v. t oter, enlever. 
render, v., rendre, 
renew, v., renouveler. 
renounce, v., renoncer. 
rent, n. } loyer, m. 
rent, v., louer. 
repair, v., reparer. 
repeat, v., repeter. 
repent, v., se repentir. 
reply, v., repondre. 
repose, v., se reposer. 
repulse, v., repousser. 
reputation, n., reputation, /. 
request, v., prier, demander. 
require, v., exiger, demander. 
research, n., recherche, /. 
resemblance, n., ressemblance,/. 
resemble, v., ressembler. 
reserve, v., reserver. 
reside, v., demeurer. 
resign, v., resigner. 
resist, v., resister. 
resolve, v., resoudre. 
respect, n., respect, m. 



respect, v., respecter. 
respectful, adj., respectueux. 
responsible r adj., responsable. 
rest, n., repos, m. ; (remains) 

reste, m. 
rest, v., se reposer. 
result, v., resulter. 
restrain, v., reprimer, restrein- 

dre. 
retain, v., retenir. 
retire, v., retirer, se retirer. 
retreat, n., retraite,/. 
retreat, v. , se retirer. 
return, v., retourner. 
revenge, v., se venger. 
review, n. , revue, f. 
reward, n., recompense, /. 
reward, v., recompenses 
ribbon, ruban, m, 
rice, n., riz, m. 
rich, adj., riche. 
riches, n., richesses. /. pi, 
right, 11., droit, m. ; raison, /. 
right, adj., droit, juste, 
ring, n., bague, /. ; anneau, m. 
ring, v., sonner. 
ripe, adj., mur. 
rise, v., se lever. 
rising, n., lever, m. 
risk, n., risque, m. 
risk, v., risquer. 
rival, n., rival, m. 
river, n., riviere, /.; (large river) 

neuve, m. 
road, ii., route, /. 
roar, v., rugir. 
rob, v., voler. 
robber, n., voleur, m. 
rock, n. t rocher, m. ; roc, m. 



VOCABULARY. 



249 



roof, n., toit, in. 
room, »., chambre, /. 
rope, n., corde, /. 

rose, 11 , rose, /. 

rough, adj., rude, grossier. 

round, adj., rond. 

royal, adj., royal. 

rub, v., f rotter. 

ruby, 11., rubis, in. 

rule, w., regie, /. 



rule, v., gouverner, regner. 

ruler, 11., souvcrain, in. ; rf'gle, /. 

ruling, adj., dominant. 

ruin, v., miner. 

run, v., courir; run away, s'en- 

fuir. 
Russia, »., la Russie, /. 
Russian, adj., russe. 
rusty, acZ;'., rouille. 
rye, n., seigle, m. 



sacred, adj., sacre. 

sacrifice, w., sacrifice, in. 

sad, «d/., triste. 

saddle, n., selle, /. 

sadness, »., tristesse, /. 

safe, adj., sauf. 

safety, 11., siirete, /. 

sail, ii., voile, /. 

sail, v., faire voile, mettre a la 

voile. 
sale, ii., vente, /. 
saloon, ii., salon, in. 
salt, ii., sel, in. 
same, adj., merae. 
saphire, n., saphir, m. 
satisfied, adj., satisfait. 
satisfy, v., satisfaire. 
savage, adj., sauvage. 
save, v., sauver. 
say, v., dire. 

scaffold, ii., echafaud,m. 
scarcely, adv , a peine. 
scholar, n., ecolier, m. 
school, ii., ecole, f. 
science, n., science, /. 
scissors, ii., ciseaux, m. pi. 



scold, v., gronder. 

scratch, v., gratter, egratigner. 

scream, n., cri, in. 

scream, v., crier. 

sea, n., mer, /. 

seaman, n., marin, m, 

search, v., chercher, fouiller. 

seasickness, n. , le mal de mer. 

season, n., saison, /. 

seat, n., siege, in. ; place. /. 

seat, v., asseoir. 

seated, pai't., assis. 

second, adj., second, deuxieme. 

secret, adj., secret. 

see, v., voir. 

seek, v., chercher. 

seem, v., sembler. 

Seine, ii., la Seine. 

seize, v., saisir. 

seldom, adv., rarement. 

select, v., choisir. 

selfish, adj., egoiste. 

sell, v., vendre. 

send, v., envoyer; send for, en- 

voyer chercher; send away, 

renvoyer. 



250 



VOCABULARY. 



sense, n., sens, m. 

sentiment, n., sentiment, m. 

separate, v., separer. 

September, n., septembre, m. 

serious, adj., serieux. 

servant, n., domestique, m., f. ; 
serviteur, m. ; servante, /. 

serve, v., servir. 

service, n. service, m. 

set, v., mettre, placer. 

settle, v., etablir, decider, regler. 

several, adj., plusieurs. 

sew, v., coudre. 

shade, n., ombre, /. 

shadow, n., ombre, /. 

shake, v., secouer, trembler. 

shame, n., honte, /. 

shameful, adj., honteux. 

shameless, adj., impudent, ef- 
fronte. 

shape, 7i., forme, /. ; facon, /. 

share, n., part, /. 

share, v., partager. 

sharp, adj., aigu, tranchant. 

shawl, n., chale, m. 

shed, v. , verser. 

sheep, 7i., mouton, m., brebis,/. 

sheet, 7i., feuille, /.; (of bed) 
drap, m. 

shepherd, n., berger, m. 

shine, v., briller, luire. 

ship, n., vaisseau,m. ; navire, m. 

shiver, v., frissonner. 

shoe, 7i., Soulier, m. 

shoemaker, ?i., cordonnier, m. 

shoot, v., tirer; (kill) tuer, fu- 
silier. 

shop, n., boutique, /. 

shore, n., rivage, m. 



short, adj., court. 

shoulder, w., epaule, /. 

show, v., montrer. 

shower, n., ondee, /.; averse, /. 

shrug, v., hausser les epaules. 

shun, v., eviter. 

shut, v., fermer; shut in, en- 

fermer. 
sick, adj., malade. 
side, n., cote, m. 
siege, n., siege, m. 
sigh, n., soupir, m. 
sigh, v., soupirer. 
sight, n. , vue, /. ; spectacle, m. 
sign, n., signe, m. 
sign, v., signer. 
signal, n., signal, m. 
signal, adj., insigne, signale. 
signify, v., signifier. 
silence, 7i., silence, m. 
silent, adj., silencieux. 
silk, 7i., soie, /. 
silly, adj., sot, niais. 
silver, n., argent, m. 
simple, adj., simple, 
sin, ?i. , peche, m. 
sin, v., pecher. 
since, adv.,pi*ep., depuis. 
since, conj., depuis que; (as) 

puisque. 
sincere, adj., sincere, 
sing, v., chanter. 
singer, n., chanteur, m. 
single, adj., seul. 
singular, adj., singulier. 
sink, v., enfoncer. 
sinner, n,, pecheur, m. 
sister, n., sceur, /. 
sit, v., s'asseoir. 



VOCABULARY. 



25 1 



sitting, part. , ussis. 

situated, adj., situe. 

situation, n., situation,/. 

size, n., grandeur,/. ; grosseur, /. 

skate, n., patin, m. 

skate, v., patiner. 

sketch, n., esquisse, /. 

skilful, adj., habile. 

skill, n., habilete, /. 

skin, n., peau, /. 

skirt, n., jupe, /. 

sky, n , ciel, m. 

slander, n., medisance, /. 

slander, v., medire. 

slap, n., soufflet, m. 

slate, n., ardoise, /. 

slave, n., esclave, m., f. 

sleep, v., dormir. 

sleepy, adj., qui asommeil; to 

be sleepy, avoir sommeil. 
sleigh, ii., traineau; to take a 

sleigh-ride, aller en traineau. 
slender, adj., svelte, mince, 
slipper, ii., pantoufle, /. 
slippery, adj., glissant. 
slow, adj., lent. 
sly, adj., ruse, fin, malin. 
small, adj , petit, 
smell, ii., odeur, /. 
smell, v., sentir. 
smile, ii., sourire, m. 
smile, v., sourire. 
smith, ii., forgeron, m. 
smoke, ii., fumee, /. 
smoke, v., fumer. 
snake, n., serpent, m.\ couleu- 

vre, /. 
snow, ii., neige, /. 
snow, v., neiger. 



so, adv., si, ainsi, tellement. 

so that..., de sorte que. 

soap, n., savon, m. 

sob, n., soupir, m. 

sob, v., soupirer. 

sober, adj., sobre. 

society, n., societe, /. 

sod, 'adj., doux, mou, tendre. 

soften, v., adoucir, amollir, at- 
tend rir. 

softly, adv., doucement. 

soil, ii., sol, vi. ; terre, /. 

soil, v., salir. 

soldier, n., soldat, m. 

somebody, pron., quelqu'un. 

something, pron., quelque chose. 

sometimes, adv., quelquefois. 

somewhere, adv., quelque part; 
somewhere else, ailleurs. 

son, 7b., fils, m. 

song, ii., chanson, /. 

soon, adv., bientot. 

sooner, adv. {earlier) plus tot, 
{rather) plutot. 

sore, adj., douloureux, sensible; 
sore throat, mal a la gorge; 
sore eyes, mal aux yeux. 

sorrow, n., chagrin, in. 

sorry, adj., fache. 

sort, ii., sort, m. 

soul, n., ame, /. 

sound, n., son, m.\ bruit, m. 

sound, adj., sain, en bon etat. 

sound, v., sonner, resonner. 

soup, ii., soupe, /. 

sour, adj., sur. 

source, n., source, /. 

south, n., sud, in. 

sow, v., semer. 



252 



VOCABULARY. 



space, 11. , espace, m. 

Spain, n. , Espagne, /. 

Spanish, adj , espagnol. 

spare, v., epargner. 

spark n.j etincelle, /. 

sparkle, v., etinceler, petiller. 

sparrow, n., inoineau, in. 

speak, v., parler. 

speech, n., discours, m. 

spell, v., epeler. 

spend, v., depenser. 

spill, v., repandre. 

spirit, n., esprit in. 

spiritual, adj., spiritiiel. 

spite, 11. , depit, in. ; rancune, /.; 

in spite of, malgre. 
spiteful, adj., plein de depit, 

rancunier. 
splendid, adj., splendide. 
splendor, n., eclat, m.\ splen- 

deur, /. 
splinter, n., eclat, m. 
split, v., fendre. 
spoil, v., gater, abimer. 
spoon, n., cuillere, /. 
spot, ii., tache, /.; (place) en- 

droit, in. 
spot, v., tacher. 
spread, v., etendre, repandre. 
spring, ii., ressort, m.\ prin- 

temps, in. 
spring, v., sauter. 
spur, ii., eperon, m. 
spy, ii. , espion, m. 
spy, v., espionner. 
square, adj. } carre. 
squirrel, ii., ecureuil, in. 
stable, 11. } etable, /. (horse — ) 

ecurie, /. 



stain, ii., tache, /. 

stain, v. , tacher. 

stairs^ n., escalier, m. 

stamp, n. , timbre, m. 

stand, v., se tenir debout, etre 

place. 
standing, debout. 
star, ik, etoile, /. 
starve, v , mourir de faim. 
state, ii., etat, in. 
stay, v., rester. 
steal, v., voler. 
steam, ii., vapeur, /. 
steamer, n., bateau a vapeur, m. 
steel, n., acier, m. 
steeple, n., clocher, m. 
stem, ii., tige, /. 
step, ii., pas, m.; marche, /. 
stick, ii., baton, in. ; canne, /. 
stiff, adj., raide. 
still, adj., tranquille. 
still, adv., encore, cependanfc- 
sting, v., piquer. 
stocking, ii., bas, m. 
stone, ii., pierre, /. 
stop, v., arreter. 
store, ii., magasin, m. 
storm, ii., orage, in.; tempete, /. 
story, 11., histoire, /. ; conte, m. ; 

(of a house) etage. 
stove, n., poele, m. 
straight, adj., droit; straight 

on, tout droit, 
strait, adj., etroit, serre. 
strait, ii., detroit, m. 
strange, adj., etrange. 
stranger, n., etranger. 
straw, n., paille, /. 
strawberry, n., f raise,/. 



VOCABULARY. 



25.'} 



stray, adj., egare. 

stream, n., roisseau, torrent, in. 

street, n., rue, /. 

strength, n., force, /. 

strict, ad/., excact. 

strike, v., frapper. 

string, n., cordon, m.\ corde, /. 

stroke, 11., coup, m. 

strong, adj., fort. 

struggle, 11. , lutte, /. 

stubborn, adj., obstine, tetu. 

student, n., etudiant, m. 

studious, adj., studieux. 

study, 11. , etude^ /. 

study, v., etudier. 

stupid, adj., stupide, sot, bete. 

stylish, adj., elegant. 

subject, adj., sujet. 

sublime, adj., sublime. 

submit, v., soumettre, se sou- 

mettre. 
suburb, n., faubourg, in. 
succeed, v., (success) reussir; 

(follow) succeder. 
success, n., succes, m. 
such, adj., tel. 
sudden, adj., soudain, subit. 
suddenly, adv., tout a coup. 
sue, v., demander, poursuivre. 
suffer, v., souffrir. 
suffice, v., suffire. 
sufficient, adj. y suffisant. 
sugar, ii., sucre, in. 
suit, v., convenir. 
suitable, adj., convenable. 
sum, ii. , somme, /. 
Summer, n., ete, m. 
sun, ii., soleil, m. 
sunrise, ii., lever du soleil, m. 



sunset, »., coucher du soleil, m. 
Sunday, n , dimanche, m. 
superior, adj , superieur. 
superstition, n., superstition,/, 
superstitious, aJ/.,superstitieux. 
supper, n., souper, m. 
support, ii., soutien, m. 
support, v., supporter, soutenir. 
suppose, v., supposer. 
supress, v., supprimer. 
sure, adj.y siir. 
surprise, 11., surprise, /. 
surprise, v., surprendre. 
surprising, adj., surprenant. 
surrender, v., rendre, se rendre. 
surround, v., entourer. 
survive, v., survivre. 
suspect, v., soupconner. 
suspicious, adj., soup^onneux, 

suspect. 
sustain, v., soutenir. 
swallow, ii., hirondelle, /. 
swallow, v., avaler. 
swamp, ii., marais, m. 
swan, ii., cygne, in. 
swear, v., jurer. 
sweep, v., balayer. 
sweet, adj., doux, (with sugar) 

sucre. 
swim, v., nager. 
Swiss, adj., Suisse. 
Switzerland, 11., la Suisse. 
sword, ii., epee, /., (broad — ) 

sabre, m. 
syllable,, n., syllabe, /. 
sympathize, v., sympathiser, 

compatir. 
sympathy, »., sympathie, /. 
system, ii., systeme, m. 



254 



VOCABULARY. 
T. 



table, n., table, /, 

tail, u., queue, /. 

tailor, n., tailleur, m. 

take, v., prendre, porter, mener. 

take off, oter, tirer. 

talent, talent, m. 

talk, v., causer. 

tall, adj., grand. 

taste, n., gout, in. 

taste, v., gotiter. 

tasteful, adj., de bon gout. 

tax, n., taxe, /., impot, m. 

tea, n., the, m. 

teach, v., enseigner. 

teacher, 11. , maitre, m.\ mai- 

trcsse, /. 
tear, n., larme, /. 
tear, v., dec-hirer, 
tedious, adj., ennuyeux. 
tediousness, n., ennui, m. 
tell, v., dire. 
temper, n., earactere, m. 
tempest, n., terupete, /. 
tempt, v., tenter. 
temptation, n., tentation, /. 
tenant, n., locataire, m. 
tender, adj., tendre. 
tenderness, **., tendresse, m. 
tenderly, adv., tendrement. 
term, n., terme, m.; condition, /. 
terrible, adj., terrible. 
thank, v., remercier. 
thankful, adj., reconnaissant (de). 
thanks, n. , remerciments, m. pi. 
thaw, v., degeler. 
theater, n., theatre, m. 
theft, n., vol, m. 



then, adv., alors, ensuite, puis. 

there, adv., la. 

thick adj., epais. 

thief, n., voleur, m. 

thin, adj., mince, maigre. 

thing, n., chose, /. 

think, v., penser. 

thirst, n. , soif , /. 

thirsty, adj., altere, qui a soif; 

to be thirsty, avoir soif. 
thorn, n., epine, /. 
thoroughly, adv., a fona. 
though, conj., quoique. 
thought, n., pensee, m. 
thoughtful, adj., pensif, reveur. 
thougthless, adj., etourdi, irre- 

ilechi. 
thread, n., fil, m. 
threat, n., menace,/. 
threaten, v., menacer. 
threshold, n., seuil, m. 
throat, ii., gorge,/. 
throne, n., trone, m. 
through, prep., a travers. 
throw, v., jeter. 
thunder, n., tonnerre, m, 
thunder, v., tonner. 
Thursday, n., jeudi, m. 
thus, adv., ainsi. 
ticket, n., billet, m. 
tiger, n., tigre, m. 
tight, adj., serre. 
tile, ii., tuile, /. ; carreau, m. 
till, prep., jusque, jusqu'a. 
till, conj., jusqu'a ce que. 
time., ii., temps, m. ; (o'clock) 

heure, /. ; (once) une fois. 



VOCABULARY. 



255 



timide, adj., timide. 
tire, y., fatiguer. 
tired, adj., fatigue. 
to-day, adv., aujourd'hui. 
together, adv., ensemble, 
tomb, »., tombe, /. ; tombeau,m. 
to-morrow, adv., demain. 
tongue, 11. , langue, /. 
too, adv., aussi. 
tool, 11., outil, m. 
tooth, n., dent, /. 
tooth-ache, n., mal aux dents. 
top, n., sommet; {toy) toupie, /. 
touch, v., toucher. 
tough, conj., dur. 
towards, prep., vers, en vers. 
tower, n. , tour, f. 
toy, n., jouet, m. 
trace, n., trace,/. 
trace, v., tracer. 
train, n., t^ain, m. 
traitor, 11. , traitre, m. 
tranquil, adj., tranquille. 
translate, v., traduire. 
travel, v. , voyager. 
traveller, n., voyageur, m. 
treacherous, ad/.,pernde, traitre. 
treason, n., trahison, /. 



treasure, u., tresor, m. 

treat, v., traiter, regaler. 

treaty, n., traite, m. 

tree, n., arbre, m. 

tremble, v., trembler. 

trial, 11., epreuve, /. ; proce.s, in. 

trick, it., tour, m. ; ruse,/. 

trifle, n., bagatelle, f.; rien, m. 

triumph, n., triomphe, m. 

trivial, adj., leger. 

troop, n., troupe,/. 

trouble, 11., trouble, m. ; peine, /. 

true, adj., vrai. 

truly, adv., vraiment. 

trumpet, n., trompette, /. 

trunk, ii., malle, /. 

trust, n., confiance, /. 

trust, v., conner, se fier (a). 

truth, ii., verite, /. 

try, v., essayer, tacher. 

Tuesday, n., mardi, m. 

tune, ii., air, m, ; ton, m. 

turkey, ii., dindon, m. 

turn, ii., tour, m. 

turn, v., tourner. 

tutor, ii., precepteur, maitre. 

twist, v., tordre. 

type, ii., type, m. ; caractere, m. 



U. 



ugly, adj., laid, vilain. 
umbrage, ii., ombrage, m. 
umbrella, n., parapluie, /. 
unable, adj., incapable (de). 
unbearable, adj., insupportable. 
unbecoming, adj., inconvenant. 
uncertain, adj., incertain. 
uncle, »., oncle m. 



uncomfortable,^'., incommode, 

gene, 
uncover, v., decouvrir. 
under, prep., sous. 
understand, v., comprendre. 
undertake, v., entreprendre. 
undo, v., defaire. 
undress, v., deshabiller, (se). 



256 



VOCABULARY. 



uneasy, adj., inquiet. 

unexpectedly, adv., a l'impro- 
viste. 

unfaithful, adj., infidele. 

unforeseen, adj., imprevu. 

unfortunate, adj., malheureux. 

ungrateful, adj., ingrat. 

unhandy, adj., incommode, mal- 
adroit. 

unhappy, adj., malheureux. 

union, n., union, /. 

unite, v., unir. 

United-States, n., Etats-Unis. 

unjust, adj., irrjuste. 

unkind, adj., desobligeant. 

unknown, adj., inconnu. 

unless, conj., a moins que. 



unlikely, adj., invraisemblable. 

until, prep., jusque, jusqu'a 

until, conj., jusqu'a ce que. 

untruth, n., mensonge. 

up, adv., en haut; debout. 

up to, prep., jusqu'a. 

upon, prep., sur. 

upset, v., renverser. 

upside down, adv., sens dessus 

dessous. 
urge, v., presser. 
use, n., emploi, m.; usage, in. 
use, v., se servir (de); employer, 
useful, adj., utile. 
useless, adj., inutile, 
utility, n., utilite, m. 
utterly, adv., tout a fait. 



V. 



vacancy, n. t vacance, /. 
vacation, n., vacances, /. pi. 
vain, adj., vain, 
valley, n., vallee, /. 
valuable, adj., precieux. 
value, n. , valeur, /. 
vanquish, v., vaincre. 
vault, 11., voute, /. ; caveau, m. 
veal, ii., veau, m. 
vegetable, n., legume, m. 
veil, ii., voile, m.\ voilette, /. 
vein, ii., veine, /. 
velvet, ii., velours, m. 
vengeance, n. , vengeance, /. 
verb, ii., verbe, m. 
verse, n., vers, m. 
very, adj., vrai, veritable. 
vexe, v., vexer. 
vice, n., vice, m. 



victim, ii. , victime, /. 
victorious, adj., victorieux. 
victory, 11., victoire, /. 
view, ii., vue, /. 
village, ii., village, m. 
vine, ii., vigne, /. 
vintage, n., vendange, /. 
violent, adj., violent. 
violet, ii., violette, /. 
violet, adj., violet. 
violin, ii., violon, m. 
virgin, ii., vierge, /. 
virtue, n, f vertu, /. 
virtuous, adj., vertueux. 
visit, n., visite, /. 
visit, v., visiter; aller voir. 
voice, n., voix, /. 
void, adj., vide. 
voyage, n., voyage, m. 



VOCABULARY. 
W. 



257 



wages, n., £uges. m, j>1.; sa- 

laire, m. 
waist, n., ceinture, /. ; iaille, /. 
wait, v., attendre. 
waiting-room, n., salle d'at- 

tentc, /. 
waiter, ?*., garcon, m. 
wake up, v., eveiller, se reveiller. 
walk, n., promenade, /. ; to take 

a walk, faire une promenade; 

to go for a walk, aller faire 

promenade, 
walk, v , se promener. 
wall, »., raur, m. ; muraille, /. 
walnut, 11. , noix, /. 
walnut-tree, n., noyer, in. 
wand, 11. baguette, /. 
want, n., manque, in. ; besoin, ra. 
want, v., vouloir, avoir besoin 

(de). 
war, n. , guerre, /. 
warlike, adj., guerrier. 
warm, adj., ehaud. 
warm, v., chauffer, 
warmth, n. f chaleur, /. 
warn, v., avertir. 
wash, v., laver. 
watch, n., montre, /. 
watch, v., veiller. 
watchmaker, n., horloger, m. 
water, n., eau, /. 
water, v., arroser. 
wave, n., vague, /. 
wax, n , cire, /. 
■way, n., chemin, m. 
weakness, n., faiblesse, /. 
wealth, n , richesse, /. 



1 wealthy, adj., riche. 
wear, v., porter, mettre. 
weariness, u., ennui, m. 
weary, adj., ennuye. 
weather, n. t temps, in. 
wed, v., epouser, se marier (avec). 
wedding, it , noce,/. ; mariage,w. 
Wednesday, n., mercredi, m, 
week, n. , semaine, /. 
weep, v., pleurer. 
welcome, adj., bienvenu. 
west, n , ouest, m. 
wet, adj., mouille. 
whale, ii., baleine, /. 
wheat, ii., ble, m. 
wheel, it., roue, /. 
when, adv., quand, lorsque. 
where, adv., ou. 
whether, conj., si; soit que. 
while, conj., pendant que. 
whisper, n., chuchotement ; in a 

whisper, tout bas. 
whisper, v. chuchoter. 
whistle, ii., sifflet, m. 
whistle, v., sifder. 
white, adj., blanc. 
whole, adj., tout. 
why, adv. , pourquoi. 
wicked, adj., median 
wide, adj., large. 
widow, n., veuve, /. 
widower, n. veuf , m. 
width, 11., largeur, /. 
wife, n., femrae, /. 
wild, adj., sauvage, farouche. 
will, ii., volonte /. ; last will, 
testament, m. 



258 



VOCABULARY. 



will, v., vouloir. 

willingly, adv., volontiers. 

win, v., gagner. 

wind, 11. , vent, in. 

window, n., fenetre, /. 

wine, n., vin, m. 

wing, n., aile, /. 

wink, n., clin d'oeil, m. 

wink, v., cligner de I'ceil. 

winter, n., hiver, m. 

wipe, v., essuyer. 

wire, n., fil de fer, m. 

wisdom, n., sagesse, /. 

wise, adj., sage. 

wish, n. , desir, m. 

wish, v., desirer. 

wit, n., esprit, m. 

witch, 7i., sorciere, /. 

•with, prep., avec. 

without, prep., sans. 

witness, n., temoin, m. 

witness, v., temoigner, attester. 

witty, adj., spirituel. 

woe, n., douleur, /. ; woe to, 

inalheur a. 
wolf, n., loup, m. 
woman, n. , femme, /. 
wonder, merveille, /. 



wood, n , bois, m. 

wool ,n., laine, /. 

word, n., mot, m. ; parole, /. 

work, n., travail, m. 

work, v., travailler. 

world, n., monde, m. 

worm, n., ver, m. 

worship, n., culte, m. 

worship, v., adorer. 

worth, ii., valeur, /. 

worth, adj., qui vaut; to be 

worth, valoir. 
worthy, adj., digne. 
wound, 11., blessure, /. 
wound, v. , blesser. 
wrath, n., colere, f. 
wreath, n., guirlande, /. 
wreck, n., naufrage, m. 
wrecked, adj., naufrage; to be 

wrecked, faire naufrage. 
wretched, adj., miserable. 
wring, v., tordre, arracher, de- 

chirer. 
write, v., ecrire. 
writing, n. ecriture, /. 
wrong, adj., to be wrong, avoir 

tort. 
wrongly, adv., a tort. 



Y. 



yacht, ii., yacht, m. 
yard, ii., cour, /. 
yawn, v., bailler. 
year, n., an, m. ; annee, /. 
yell, v., hurler. 
yellow, adj., jaune. 
yes, adv., oui. 
yest, n., levure, /. 



yesterday, adv., hier. 
yet, adv., encore. 
yield, v., ceder. 
yonder, adv. t la-bas. 
yoke, ii., joug, in.; couple, /, 
young, adj., jeune. 
youth, ii., jeunesse, /. 
youthful, adj., jeune. 



VOCABULARY, 

z. 



zeal, n, zcle, m. 
zealous, adj., zele. 
zealously, adv., aveo zele. 
zero, w., zero, m. 



zinc, n., zinc, m. 
zone, it.., zone, f. 
zoological, adj., zoologique. 
zoology, n., zoologic, /. 



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103 pages. 



BIBIilOTHEQUE CHOISIE POUR LA JEUNESSE. 

r,es Malheurs de Sophie, par Mme. la Comtesse de Segur. This 
amusing story has long been familiar to French children and is 
not even unknown to American ones, especially to those reading 
French. In France it is a classic. Here, it has been used for years , 
py teachers requiring something light, amusing and interesting 
for young children. i2mo, illustrated, paper, 60c; cloth, 203 
pages $1.00 



GAMES. 

The Table Game. A French game to familiarize pupils with the 
names of everything that is placed on the dining-room table. 
By Helene J. Roth. 155 cards in a box ••75c, 

French Verbs. Game of Loto for Auxiliary Verbs, by Prof. P. Le 
Perrier $1.25 

(See also German.) 



Foreign Publications of William B.Jenkins. 



VICTOR HUGO'S WORKS. 



Les Miserable!*. This edition of Victor Hugo's masterpiece is not 
only the handsomest but the cheapest edition of the work that 
can be obtained in the original French. Its publication in 
America has been attended with great care, and it is offered to 
all readers of French as the best library edition of the work to 
be obtained, the only Paris edition being large, cumbersome 
and costly. Volume I, Fantine, 458 pages; Volume II, Cosette, 
416 pages; Volume III, Marius. 378 pages; Volume IV, ldylle rue 
Flumet, 512 pages; Volume V, Jean Valjean, 437 pages. 

* 5 Volumes, l2mo, Paper $4.50 

*5 Volumes, 12mo, Cloth $6.50 

* 5 Volumes, i2mo, Half-calf $13.50 

*For the convenience of classes, single volumes may be 

obtained separately In paper at $1-00, and cloth binding at $1.50 

Les Miserables, par Victor Hugo. One volume edition. The whole 
story intact; episodes and detailed descriptions only omitted. 
Edited by A. de Rougemont, A.M., Chautauqua University — $1.25 

Notre-Dame de Paris. The handsomest and cheapest edition to be 
had. with nearly 200 illustrations, by Bieler, Myrbach and Rossi. 

2 volumes, 12mo, Paper $2.00 

2 volumes, l2mo. Cloth $3.00 

2 volumes. Half-calf $6 . 00 

Same (Edition de Grand Luxe). But 100 copies published. It 
contains with the illustrations as in the ordinary edition, 12 
fac-simile water colors, and is printed on Imperial Japan paper. 

The set. 2 volumes, each volume numbered, signed, and in a 

satin portof olio $10 . 00 

Same (Edition de Luxe). But 400 copies published. With illus- 
trations as in the Edition de Grand Luxe, and printed on fine 
satin paper. 

The set, 2 volumes, numbered, signed and bound half morocco 
Roxbourgh style, gilt top $6.00 

Quatrevingt-Treize. One of the most graphic and powerful of 
Hugo's romances, and one quite suitable for class study, 507 pp. 

l2mo, paper $1 .00 

l2mo, cloth $1 . 50 

l2mo. half-calf $3.00 

Quatrevingt-Treize. With an historical introduction and English 
notes by Benjamin Duryea Woodward, B.-es-L., Ph.D., Instructor 
in the Romance Languages and Literatures at Columbia Uni- 
versity and Barnard College, New York. 595 pp. 12mO, Cloth, $1.25 

Les Travailleurs de la Mer. This celebrated work, which is one 
of the most notable examples of Victor Hugo's genius, uniform 
in style with the above. 

i2mo, paper $1 . 00 

l2mo, cloth $1.50 

12mo, half-calf , $3.00 

(See also Theatre Contemporain.) 



French Publications of William It. Jenkin*. 



THEATRE COyTEMPORAIX. 

comprising some of the best contemporaneous French dramatic literature, 
and of invaluable use to the student in Colloquial French. They are well 
printed in good clear type, are nearly all annotated with English notes for 
students, and are sold at the uniform price of 

No. 25 Cents Each. 

1. — I«e Voyage de M. Perrichon, Comedy in four aets. by Eugene 
Labiche et Ed ouard Martin. With EDglish notes by Scheie de 
Yeref Ph.D.. L.L.D., Professor of Modern Languages at the Uni- 
versity of Virginia. 78 pages. 

2.— VentD'Ouest, Comedy in one act, 18 pages. 1 By Ernest d'Hervilly, 
La Soupiere, " " " 20 pages, j in l volume. 

3.— Ea Grammaire, Comedy in one act, hy Eugene Labiche. With 
English notes by Scheie de Vere, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Mo- 
dern Languages at the University of Virginia. 43 pages. 

4.— L<e Gentilhomme Paiivre, Comedy in two acts, by Dumanoir and 
Lafargue. With explanatory notes in English by Casimer Zdan- 
owicz, A.M., Professor of Modern Languages and Literatures at 
the Vandervilt University, 76 pages. 

5.— L<a Pluie et le Beau Temps, Comedy in one act, in prose, by 
LeonGozlan- 34 pages. And Autour d'un Berceau, Play in one 
scene, by Ernest Legouve. 11 pages. 

6.— L,a Fee, Comedy in one act. by Octave Feuillet, de l'Academie 

Francaise. 43 pages. 
T.— Bertrand et Raton, Drama in five acts, in prose, by Eugene 

Scribe. 108 pages. 
8.-La Perle Noire, Comedy in three acts, in prose, by Victorien £ar- 

dou, de l'Aeademie Francaise. 72 pages- 
9.— Ees Deux Sourds, Comedy in one act, by -Jules Moinaux. 37 pp. 
to.— Le Maitre de Forges, Comedy in four acts, by Georges Ohnet. 

With English notes by Prof- C.Fontaine, B.L., L.D., Director of 

French in the High Schools of Washington City. 101 pages. 
11.— L.e Testament de Cesar Girodot, Comedy in three acts, in prose, 

by Adolphe Belot and Edm. Villetard. With notes in English by 

Prof. Geo. Castegnier, B.-es-S. 98 pages. 
12.— Le Gendre de M. Poirier, Comedy in four acts, in prose, by 

Emile Augier and Jules Sandeau, de l'Academie Francaise. With 

English notes by F. C. de Sumichrast, Assistant Professor of 

French in Harvard University. 92 pages. 
13.— Le Monde ou Pon S'ennuie, Comedy in three acts, by Edouard 

Pailleron, de l'Academie Francaise. With English notes by Alfred 

HennequiD. Ph.D., late of the 'University of Michigan; Author of 

a Series of Text-Books. 124 pages. 
14.— L.a L.ettre Cliargee, Fantaisie in one act, by E. Labiche, de 

l'Academie Francaise. With a preface and a vocabulary by V. F 

Bernard, late Professor at the Ecole Albert-ie-Grand (Paris). 28 pp 
1 5.— La Fille de Roland, Drama in four acts, in verse, by Vicomt 

Henri de Bornier, de l'Academie Francaise. Edited with intro 

duction. grammatical and explanatory notes, by Wm. L. Montague 

Ph.D., Professor in Amherst College. 96 pages. 



French Publications of William B. Jenkiv*. 



No. 

16.— Hernanl, Drama in five acts, by Victor Hugo. With explanatory 
notes in English by Gustave Masson, B.A., Assistant-Master and 
Librarian, Harrow School. 151 pjiges. 

IT.— Mine et Contre-Mine, Comedy in three acts, by Alexandre 
Guillet. with explanatory notes in English by the Author. 97 pp. 

18.— I/Ami Fritz, Comedy in three acts, by Erckmann-Chatrian. 
Adapted to the use of American Schools and Colleges, and anno- 
tated in English by Alfred Heunequin, Ph.D., late Instructor in 
French and German in the University of Michigan; Author of a 
series of French Text-Books. 96 pages. 

I 9.— Ii'Hoiinenr et 1/ Argent, Comedy in five acts, in verses, by F. 
Ponsard. With grammatical and explanatory notes in English by 
Frederic C. de Sumichrast, Assistant Professor in French at Har- 
vard University. 123 pages. 

20.— La Dnchesse Conturiere, Come'dy in one act, after the Play: Les 
Doigts de Fee; especially arranged for ladies' cast, by Madame E. 
Yaillant Goodman, Professor of French at Philadelphia, Pa. 
Adapted especially for the use of young ladies' schools and semi- 
naries. 21 pages. 



THEATRE FOR YOUNG FOLKS. 

10 Cents Each. 

A series of original little plays suitable for class reading or school 
performance, written especially for children, by MM. Michaud and de 
Villeroy. Printed in excellent type. 

The list comprises 
No. 
1.— Les Deux Ecoliers, Comedie en un acte, en prose, for boy and 

three girls. 26 pages. By A. Laurent de Villeroy. 
2.— Ee Roi D'Amerique, Come'die en un acte, for boys, 10 characters. 

By Henri Michaud. 8 pages. 
3. — Une Affaire Compliquee, Comedie en un acte, for boys, 7 char- 
acters. By Henri Michaud. 8 pages. 
4.— La Somnambule, Comedie en un acte, for girls ; 8 characters. By 

Henri Michaud. 16 pages. 
5.— Stella, Come'die en un acte, for young ladies; 6 characters. By 

Henri Michaud. 16 pages. 
6.— Une Heroine, Comedie en un acte, for girls ; 8 characters. By 

Henri Michaud. 16 pages. 
7.— -»la Bonne, Comedie en un acte. for gils ; 5 characters. By Henri 

Michaud. 14 pages. 



French Publications of William It. Jenkins. 



CLASSIQUES FKAN^AIS. 



Under this general title is issued a series of Classical French work* 
carefully prepared with historical, desci^ipiive and grammatical note* h\ 
competent authorities, printed in large type, at a uniform price of 

Paper, 25 Cents. Cloth, 40 Cenu. 

No. 

l.— L, J Avare, Comedie en cinq actes, by J. B. Poquelin de Moliere. 
With profuse historical, philological, idiomatical and descriptive 
notes by Scheie de Vere, Ph.D., LL.D., Professor of Modern Lan- 
guages at the University of Virginia. 105 pages. 

2.— L,e Cid, Tragedie en cinq actes, by Pierre Corneille. With profuse 
historical, philological, idiomatical and descriptive notes by 
Scheie de Vere, Ph.D.. LL.D.. Professor of Modern Languages at 
the University of Virginia. 87 pages. 

3.— L-e Bourgeois Geutilhomme, Coinedie-Ballet en cinq actes, by J. 
B. Poquelin de Moliere (1670). With profuse historical, philological, 
idiomatical and descriptive notes by Scheie de Vere, Ph.D.. LL.D., 
P'ofessor of Modern Languages at the University of Virginia- 
108 pages. 

4.— Horace, Tragedie en cinq actes, by P. Corneille. With grammati- 
cal and explanatory notes by Frederick C, de Sumichrast, Assis- 
tant Professor of French at Harvard University. 70 pages. 

5.— Andromaque, Tragedie en cinq actes, by J. Kacine. With gram- 
matical and explanatory notes, by Frederick 0. de Sumichrast, 
Assistant Professor of French in Harvard University. 72 pages. 

6.— Athalie, Tragedie en cinq actes tirCe de l'Ecriture Sainte, by Jean 
Kacine. With a biography. Biblical references and explanatory 
notes in English by C. Fontaine, B.L., L. D.. Director of French in 
the High Schools of Washington City. 86 pages. 



In Preparation. 

Les Precieuses Ridicules,— Le Barbier de Seville. 



French Publications of William R. Jenkins. 



TEXT-BOOKS OF 

THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. 

BERCY, Paul, (B.L.. L.D.) 

Simples Notions <le Francais, or First Steps in French, with 75 illus- 
trations, followed by the most popular songs for French children. 
12 chansons et Rondes Enfantines set to music. 101 pp. Boards.76c 

Livre des Enfants. Pour Ve'tude du francais. A simple, easy and pro- 
gressive French Primer, in the natural method, for young 
students, with forty illustrations, l2mo, cloth, 100 pages. . — . -50c. 

Lie Second Livre des Enfants. A continuation of Livre des Enfants, 
illustrated with over fifty pictures upon which the lessons are 
based . l2mo, Cloth,148 pages 75( . 

Le Francais Pratique. This book is written for the special In- 
struction of Americans intending to travel in France. It can 
be used as a first book for every one wishing to make a thorough 
study of the French, l vol., i2mo, 191 pp., cloth .$i.ot 

Lectures Faciles, pour l'Etude du Francais, avec No' 68 Grarnma- 
ticales et Explicatives. This with Le Frangais Pratique is a 
complete method. Cloth, 256 pages $1.00 

La Langue Francaise, lerepartie. Methode pratique pour l'e'tude 
de cotte langue. i2mo, cloth, 292 pages.. .$1.26 

La Langue Francaise. leme partie (for intermediate classes), 
variety historiques et litteraires. l2mo, cloth, 276 pages. — ..$1.2t 

BERNARD, Y. F. 

Genre des Noms. Etude nouvelle, simple et pratique. A complete 
treatise on the gender of French nouns. l2mo 25c 

L'Art D'Interesser en Classe, Contes, Fables, Anecdotes a l'usage 
des Classes de Frangais. l2mo, paper 30c. 

La Traduction Orale et la Prononciation Francaise, a practical 
French course for advanced classes. l2mo, bds. 42 pp. — 30c- 

Le Francais Idiomatique. French Idioms and Proverbs, with their 
English equivalents and copious exercices, systematically 
arranged. "A most valuable guide for the mastering of 
idiomatic French. The type is as clear as the arrangement." 
l2mo, cloth. 73 pages 60c 

COLLOT, A. G., of Oxford, England. 

Collot's Levizac's French Grammar and Exercises. 12 no, cloth, 

227 pages 75C. 

DU CROQUET. Chas. P. 

First Course in French Conversation. Recitation and Reading, 
with separate vocabularies of each reading. A manual for class 
or private use in acquiring a practical knowledge of conversa- 
tional French. A new revised edition, 1895, with a French and 
English vocabulary. i2mo, clotb. 199 pages — $1.00 

A French Grammar. Grammar, Exercises, and Reading followed 
by Examination papers. The most practical French Grammar 
yet published. 12mo, half roan, 295 pages .$1.25 

Le Francais par la Conversation. A very valuable book for be- 
ginners. Contains music. l2mo, cloth. 186pages $1.00 

La Conversation des Enfants. 12mo, cloth. 152 pages 75C 

An Elementary French Grammar. 12mo. cloth. 259 pages. Com- 
plete vocabulary 90c. 



10 Foreign Publications of William B. Jenkins. 



GAY & GAKBEK. 

Carte de Lecture Francaise, pour les enfants Americains. A set 
of reading charts printed in very large type and profusely illus- 
trated, to teach American children $7.60 

MERAS, Pkof. B. 
Syntaxe Pratique de la Laugue Francaise pour les Anglais. 

suivi d'exercises distribues dans l'ordre des regies et d'une nou- 
velle arrangee. 12mo, cloth, 206 pages $1.26 

MUZZARELLL Pbof. A. 
Antonymes de la La Laugiie Francaise. Exerciees Gradues pour 
classes intermediates et superieures des Eeoles, Colleges et 

Universites ^ — 

Livre de L'Eleve. Cloth, 185 pages — $1.00 

Livre du Maitre. Cloth, 185 pages $1.50 

PICOT, Chakles, of University of Pennsylvania. 

Picot's First Lessons in French. 12mo, cloth, 132 pages 500, 

SABDOU, Pbof. Alfeed. 

The French Language With or Without a Teacher. The exact pro- 
nunciation in English sounds under every word. French verbs 
conquered. All verbs, regular and irregular, at a glance, and 
the difficulties of tenses simply solved. A practical method for 
learning to speak, read and write French correctly, arranged in 
50 conversation-lessons. In 3 Parts, with a chart of Irregular 
Verbs $5.00 

LITERATURE AND CHOICE READING. 

BEBCY, Paul, (B.L., L.D.) 

Lectures Faciles, pour l'Etude du Francais, avec Notes Gramma- 
ticales et Explicatives. This with Le Fi~angais Pratique is a 
complete method. Cloth, 256 pages $1.00 

Contes et Nouvelles Modernes (P. Bercy's French Reader). With 
explanatory English notes. l2mo, cloth, 265 pages-. $1.00 

Balzac (Honore de), Contes. Edited, with Introduction and Notes 
by George McLean Harper. Ph.D., Assistant Professor of French 
in Princeton University: and Lonis Eugene Livingood, A.B., 
formerly instructor in French and German in Princeton Uni- 
versity. Cloth, 219 pages — $1.00 

BECK, B. 
Fahles Choisies de La Fontaine. With explanatory foot notes in 
English and a biography by Madame B. Beck of the Brearley 
School. i6mo, boards. 107 pages 400. 

COLLOT, A. G., of Oxford, England. 
Collot's Progressive French Dialogues and Phrases. 12mo, cloth, 

226 pages 75C. 

Collot's Progressive French Anecdotes and Questions. 12mo, 

cloth, 233 pages 75c 

Collot's Progressive Pronouncing French Reader. 12mo, cloth, 
288 pages 75C. 

Collot's Progressive Interlinear French Reader. 12mo, Cloth, 292 
pages 75o. 



Foreign Publications of William R. Jenkins. 



COPPEE, Francois. 

Extraits Choisis. Prose and poetry with explanatory notes in 
English by Prof. Geo. Castegnier, B.-es-S. l2mo, cloth, 177 pp...90c. 

FONTAINE, Prof., C, (B.L., L.D.) 

Director of French in Washington's High Schools. 

lie* Poetes Francnis dn XtXeme Siecle, with biographical and ex- 
planatory notes in English. 12mo, cloth, 402 pages $1.25. 

Lies Prosatenrs Francais dn XlXeme Steele, containing the best 
selections of the Modern French authors, with biographies and 
English explanatory notes. l2mo, cloth, 378 pages. $1,25. 

Lcs Historiens Francais du XlXeme Siecle, with English and his- 
torical notes. Cloth, 38± pages — — — $1.26. 

MICHAUD, Henri. 
Poesies <le Qnatre a Unit Vers. French Poetry for schools. 19 pp.. 20c. 

ROUGEMONT, Prof. A. de 
Manuel de Litterature Francaise. Comprenant: 1° des notices 
biographiques et litteraires, 2° des ceuvres ou morceaux choisis 
de chaque an ten r, 3° des notes explicatives. 4° un questionnaire 

detaille pour chaque auteur. i2mo, M leather, 403 pages $1.26 

(See also page 12, Victor Hugo's Works). 

"VETERAN." 
Initiatory French Readings. Many objections have been raised to 
the numerous First French Readers, especially those containing 
little material really French or silly stories despised by bright 
children, and so on. Due to demands for a book containing 
material that would rouse the interest of the student by telling 
in simple yet attractive manner things that would hold atten- 
tion, this volume was prepared. 

In the first part, viz., the picturesque facts of Our Country, 
the child's groping after an elusive sense is dorTe away with, and, 
encouraged by understanding easily, he is sure to retain, with 
little trouble, words and phrases with the sense of which he is 
already familiar. 

The second part, viz.. The Discovert of France by some 
young American travellers, is doubly valuable, as it contains 
training in the language with pleasurable instruction in the 
subjpct itself. Interest will not flag and the reading may be as 
rapid as desired. i2mo, cloth, 155 pages 75c. 

FOR TRANS LA TING ENGLISH INTO FRENCH. 

Bercy, Paul, (B.L., L.D.) 

Short Selections for Translating English into French, including 
a few examination papers. Arranged progressively, with ex- 
planatory and grammatical notes. i2mo, cloth 137 pages 75c. 

Key to Short .Selections for Translating English into French. 
12mo cloth, 121 pages 75c. 

Hennequin, Alfred, (Ph.D.) 
AWoinanofSense and A Hair-Powder Plot. Two English plays 
intended for translating Colloquial English into French, with 
grammatical, idiomatic and dramatic notes. By Alfred Henne- 
quin. Ph.D.. of the New England College of Languages. l2mo, 
flexible cloth 40c. 



12 Foreign Publications of William R. Jenkins. 

PROGRESSIVE FRENCH DRmL. 

Preliminary French Drill, by a Veteran, 12mo, Cloth, 68 pages . . • -50c. 

Drill Book.— A.— This book gives the pupils the power to speak from 
the start, and as it embodies systematically the main principles 
of the language, it will easily accomplish all the work a grammar 
is supposed to do— and much more. The vocabulary (English 
and French) will be found to be quite extensive* and contains 
most of the words in common use. i2mo, 118 pp., cloth — 7fc. 

B.— " The purpose of this book is to facilitate the mastery of the ir- 
regular verbs in all their tenses. The 'drill' is conducted by 
questions on everyday topics, which are to be answered in 
French. It is the outgrowth of practical experience in attempts 
to combine sound grammatical knowledge with actual living 
conversation, and it is admirably fitted to accomplish this result. 
—Boston Transcript. 12mo, 82 pp., cloth 500. 

PRONUNCIATION. 

French Pronunciation, Rules and Practice for the Use of Ameri- 
cans. i2mo, bds., 50 pages. 50c. 

This short treatise offered to the students, is constructed 
above all on the lines of practical use. 

The book may be most advantageously used in connection 
with the earliest lessons in the language. Yet it is of per- 
manent value to any student, as therein is found an answer to 
all questions that are usually asked on the subject of pronun- 
ciation. 
Gender of French Nouns at a Glance. Small Cards 3x5 inches. . .10c. 

This card, showing at a glance the gender of most of the 
French Nouns, will prove very valuable to the students when 
writing, as it will save them trouble and much time lost in 
looking up in the dictionary. 

VERBS. 

French Verbs at a Glance, by Mariot de Beauvoisin. The readiest, 
simplest, most practical and cheapest treatise on the French 
verbs, their grammatical construction, regular and idiomatic 
usage and conjugations. Exceedingly valuable injnastering the 
difficulties besetting students in French, in regard to the forms 
and conjugations of the verb. Fifty thousand have been sold in 
England. 8vo, 61 pages 35c. 

French Verbs, by Chas, P, DuCroquet. Concise, clear and 
thorough treatise for learning all French verbs in a few les- 
sons. Cloth, 47 pages 35c. 

French Verbs. By Professor Scheie de Vere, of the University of 
Virginia. Concise, clear and thorough treatise for learning all 
French verbs. Cloth, 201 pages $1.00 

Blanks for the Conjugation oi French Verbs, by Chas. P. DuCro- 
quet- Put up in tablets 30c. 

These blanks save more than half the time otherwise neces- 
sary in writing or in correcting verbs. They ensure uniformity 
in the class work and give the learner a clearer understanding 
of what he is doing. 

Drill Book — B.— " The purpose of this book is to facilitate the 
mastery of the irregular verbs in all their tenses. The 'Drill 1 
is conducted by questions on everyday topics, which are to be 
answered in French. It is the outgrowth of practical experience 
in attempts to combine sound grammatical knowledge with 
actual living conversation, and it is admirably fitted to accom- 
plish this result— Boston Transcript. l2mo, cloth, 82 pages 50c. 



Foreign Publications of William R. Jenkins. 13 



l.v Verbe en Quatre Tableaux Synoptiques. By Prof. K. Marion- 

Sixth Edition. Price 26c. 

This little book, which has already had six editions, and which 
has been recommended by the Board of Public Instructions of 
Quebec for use in the public schools of Canada, is highly spoken 
<>f by all the French teachers who have used it in their classes. 
It has the advantage of doing away with the " parrot like" study 
of the verb and compels the student to think while reciting or 
conjuga'ing French verbs by presenting the whole system of 
French verbs in a condensed and comprehensive form bymeans of 
tableaux. It is based on the rules of the " Formation of Tenses," 
which are illustrated by a colored diagram showing the deriva- 
tion of tenses from the principal parts. All the irregularities to 
these rules are printed in heavy type so as to strike the eye of 
the student. The difficulties of the study of French verbs are 
reduced to a minimum, thus making a saving of one half the 
time usually devoted to this important study. It is invaluable 
to teachers and can be used with any French grammar or text 
book. 

(See also Latin, Greek and Games. 



GERMAN 



Klelne Anfange, Ein buch fur kleine Leute. by Fraulein Albertine 
Kase, of Teachers' College, New York. 8vo, boards, 133 pages, 

many illustrations 75c. 

It is a book for teaching German to little children, and is 
entirely different from any before published, either at home 
or abroad. It is not dull, difficult, and so uninteresting as many 
books now in use. Send for a copy for examination. It will 
speak for itself. 

Des Kindes Erstes Buch, by Wilhelm Rippe. 12mo. boards, 100 pp..40c. 
Since the publication of the very successful first French book 
"Livre des Enfants," many demands have been received by the 
publisher for a work of similar character in German. This 
method is divided into forty lessons, each consisting of a short 
vocabulary, and appropriate illustration, a reading lesson, and a 
few sentences to be memorized ; and as appendix are given a 
few simple rhymes suitable for the nursery. 

Oer Praktische Deutsche, by U. Jos. Beiley. 12mo. Cloth, 222 pp.. $1.00 
"Der Praktische Deutsche" is arranged after the plan of 
Paul Bercy's *'Le Franc, ais Pratique" but it is by no means a 
translation of that book. The aim has been to provide the ma- 
terial necessary to enable the learner to converse with Germans 
in their own language, and to arrange it in such an order that 
the study will be pleasurable as well as profitable. A vocabu- 
lary is at the end of the volume. 

Das Deutsche Litteratur Spiel, by F. S. Zoller 75c. 

A German game of authors. The plan is very similar to that 
of the well-known English game of authors. It consists of 100 
cards arranged in sets of four, each set giving the name of an 
author and three of his or her best known works. It may be 
played by any number of persons and will be found an excel 
lent recreation for schools and for evening companies. 



Foreign Publications of William JR. Jenkins. 



ITALIAN. 

T NOVELLE ITALTANE. 

35 Cents Each. 
' .—Alberto, by E. de Amicis. A charming story by the great Italian 

author-traveler, whose romances are well-known on this side of 

the Atlantic. It has the advantage of English notes by T. E. 

Comba- ismo, paper, 108 pages. 
i.— Una isiotte Bizzarra, by Antonio Barrili. An amusing little 

story, by one of the best contemporaneous Italian novelists, 

with English notes by Prof. T. E. Comba. l8mo, 84 pages. 
3.— Un Iiicontro, by Edmondo de Amicis, and other Italian stories 

by noted writers, with English annotations by Prof. Ventura, 

18mo, paper, 104 pages. 
«.-C&jniI?a, by Edmondo de Amicis, with English notes by T. E. 

Comba. ismo, paper, 120 pages. 
5.— Fortezza, by Edmondo de Amicis, with English notes by T. E. 

Comba. l8mo, paper, 74 pages. 

This series will be continued with stories of other well-known writers. 



Lingua Italiana, by T. E. Comba. A practical and progressive 
method of learning Italian by the natural method— replete with 
notes and explanation, and with full tables of conjugations and 
lists of the irregular verbs. i2mo, cloth, 223 pages $1.50 

An Elementary Italian Grammar, by A. H. Edgren, of the 
University of Nebraska. (In Press.) 



SPANISH. 

THEATBO ESPA1SOL. 

35 Cents Eacli. 

No. 

l.-La Independencia. By Don Manuel Breton de los Herreros, 
with explanatory notes in English by Louis A. Loiseaux, tutor 
of Eomance Languages at Columbia College, It is a bright 
modern comedy, excellently adapted for school readings. 12mo, 
paper, 109 pages. 

2.— Partir & Tiempo. Comedia en un acto. por Don Mariano de Sarra, 
with English notes by Alex. W. Herdler, Instructor in Modern 
Languages at Princeton College. i2mo, paper, 44 pages. 

3.-E1 Desden con el Desden. Comedia en tres journadas por don 
Augustin Moreto y Cabana, edited with introduction and notes 
by Alex. W. Herdler, Instructor in Modern Languages at Princeton 
University. l2mo, paper, 107 pages. 

STOVE LAS ESCOGIDAS. 



75 Cents Each. 

1.— El Final de Norma. By D. Pedro A. de Alarcon, de la Beal Aca- 
demia Espanola, profusely annotated by R. D. Cortina, A.M. 12m o, 
paper, 246 pages. 



foreign Publications of William R. Jenkins. 



CUENTOS SELECTOS. 



35 Cents Ench. 



-El Pajaro Verde. By Juan Valera, with explanatory notes in En- 
glish by Julio Rojas. 18mo, paper, 60 pages. 

Spanish Catalogue of imported books sent on application. 



CHINESE 



a Chinese-English and English-Chinese Phrase Book. By T. L. 
S+edmaa and E. P. Leo. i vol. J2mo, boards, 187 page c $i.2B 



LATIN. 

The Beginner's Latin. By Professor W. McDowell Halsey, Ph.D. 
An elementary work in Latin, admirably adapted for beginners 
in the language, and the result of many years' teaching on the 
partof the author. l2mo, cloth. 75c. 

* Blanks for the Conjugation of Latin Verbs, by Frank Drisler. 

A.M. Put up in tablets ....25c. 

* Blanks for Latin Verbs, by J. A- Browning, put up in tablets.. .25c. 
Latin Paradigms at a Glance, by J. A. Browning 25C. 

The paradigms have been gathered into this little pamphlet of 
seven pages. It is printed in four colors. Frequent reviews will 
be facilitated. 



GREEK. 

* Blanks for Greek Verbs, by J. A. Browning, put up in tablets. .25e. 



* Dliss Wilson's Spelling Blanks, arranged in Book-forni- Price. 350. 



* These blanks save more than half the time otherwise necessary 
in writing or in cori'ecting. They ensure uniformity in the class work 
and give the learner a clearer understanding of what he is doing. 



FULL CATALOGUE 

- of- 

FRENCH IMFOETED Books and General School Books 

Sent on application. 
Importation orders promptly filled at moderate prices. — 






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